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Australian Intellectual Property Law, 2nd Edition

Australian Intellectual Property Law, 2nd Edition

  • Author:
  • Publisher: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN: 9781107636033
  • Published In: February 2012
  • Format: Paperback , 752 pages
  • Jurisdiction: Australia ? Disclaimer:
    Countri(es) stated herein are used as reference only
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    Intellectual property law in Australia has changed dramatically in the last decade and continues to change. Developments in technology, the rise of the internet, the globalisation of trade and the increasing importance of 'superbrands' – trade marks with global appeal – have all affected the laws surrounding intellectual property. Furthermore, globalisation has resulted in greater pressure on intellectual property owners to expand their rights as they endeavour to capture the potential benefits of ownership in an increasingly affluent and integrated world economy. Australian Intellectual Property Law, 2nd edition has been fully revised to take into account these significant case and legislative developments in trademarks, copyright and patents law. This book offers students and legal professionals a detailed discussion of the black-letter aspects of the law, with a primary emphasis on legal principles and complexities.

    • Provides comprehensive coverage of recent developments in Australian intellectual property law, such as the rise of the internet, the globalisation of trade and the increasing importance of 'superbrands

    ' • Features a companion website with upcoming amendments to the Intellectual Property Laws Amendment (Raising the Bar) Bill 2011

    • Written by experts in the field of intellectual property law in Australia

  • Preface
    xxiii
    Acknowledgements
    xxv
    Table of statutes
    xxvi
    Table of cases
    l
    1       Introduction
    1
    1.1     The nature of intellectual property
    1
    1.2     Theory of intellectual property
    2
    1.2.1   The ‘property’ in intellectual property
    2
    1.2.2   Natural or personality rights
    3
    1.2.3   Incentive to create and disseminate
    3
    1.2.4   Protection for investment
    4
    1.2.5   Rent seeking
    5
    1.2.6   A combination of all the above
    5
    1.3     The intellectual property regimes
    6
    1.3.1   Passing off
    6
    1.3.2   Registered trade marks
    7
    1.3.3   Copyright and related rights
    7
    1.3.4   Designs
    9
    1.3.5   Confidential information
    9
    1.3.6   Patents
    10
    1.3.7   Plant breeder's rights
    10
    1.4     Impact of new technology
    11
    1.5     Internationalisation of intellectual property
    12
    1.5.1   WIPO
    13
    1.5.2   TRIPS (1994)
    13
    1.5.3   Bilateral agreements
    15
    1.5.4   Harmonisation of intellectual property procedures
    16
    1.6     Intellectual property in Australia
    16
    1.6.1   History of Australian intellectual property law
    16
    1.6.2   Constitutional law issues
    17
    1.7     Scheme of the book
    19
    2       Passing off
    20
    2.1     History of passing off
    20
    2.1.1   Common law and passing off
    20
    2.1.2   Equity and passing off
    21
    2.2     Elements of passing off
    22
    2.3     The reputation of the plaintiff
    23
    2.3.1   Location of reputation
    25
    2.3.2   Ownership of reputation
    27
    2.3.3   Joint ownership of reputation
    27
    2.3.4   Dual ownership: honest concurrent user and use of own name
    28
    2.3.5   Reputation in descriptive words and insignia: secondary meanings
    30
    2.3.6   Reputation in packaging and appearance
    32
    2.3.7   Reputation of marketing image
    33
    2.3.8   Reputation in personality
    34
    2.3.9   Abandonment of reputation
    35
    2.4     The misrepresentation
    35
    2.4.1   Misrepresentation, confusion and deception
    35
    2.4.2   The target of the representation
    37
    2.4.3   Misrepresentations of the trade origin of goods
    38
    2.4.4   Different quality of goods
    38
    2.4.5   Character merchandising
    39
    2.5     Passing off and the internet
    42
    2.5.1   Domain names
    43
    2.5.2   Australian passing off cases and the internet
    44
    2.5.3   Uniform dispute resolution policy
    46
    2.5.4   Australian uniform dispute resolution policy
    48
    2.5.5   Framing
    48
    2.5.6   Meta-tags
    49
    2.5.7   Pop-up advertisements when internet searching
    50
    2.6     Effect of disclaimers
    51
    2.7     A holistic perspective
    53
    2.8     Damage
    53
    2.9     Statutory causes of action
    55
    2.9.1   Application of the legislation
    55
    2.9.2   ‘In trade or commerce’
    55
    2.9.3   ‘Engage in conduct’
    56
    2.9.4   ‘Misleading or deceptive’
    56
    2.10    Comparison with passing off
    58
    2.10.1  Sections 29, 33 and 34 of sch 2
    59
    2.10.2  Injurious falsehood
    59
    2.11    Comparison with Europe and the United States
    59
    2.12    Remedies
    61
    3       Registered trade marks
    64
    3.1     History of registered trade marks
    64
    3.2     Drawbacks of passing off
    65
    3.3     Functions of trade marks
    66
    3.3.1   Reducing search costs
    67
    3.3.2   Managing property interests
    67
    3.4     Overview of the registration process
    68
    3.5     Definition of a trade mark
    70
    3.6     Definition of a sign
    70
    3.6.1   Aspect of packaging, shape
    71
    3.6.2   Colour
    73
    3.6.3   Sounds
    73
    3.6.4   Scents
    74
    3.7     ‘Used or intended to be used’
    74
    3.7.1   Unconditional intention
    74
    3.7.2   Objective test of intention
    75
    3.7.3   Use by others
    75
    3.8     Distinguishing goods or services
    76
    3.8.1   ‘Dealt with or provided’
    77
    3.8.2   ‘In the course of trade’
    77
    3.8.3   ‘By a person’
    78
    3.9     Ownership
    79
    3.9.1   First use in Australia
    79
    3.9.2   Distributorship arrangements
    81
    3.9.3   Creation or adoption of an overseas trade mark
    82
    3.9.4   Persons who can own a trade mark
    83
    3.10    Certification trade marks
    83
    3.10.1  Requirements for registration
    84
    3.10.2  Certification by other means
    85
    3.11    Collective trade marks
    86
    3.12    Defensive trade marks
    86
    3.13    Overview of requirements at examination of standard trade mark applications
    88
    3.14    National signs not to be used as trade marks
    89
    3.15    Signs prescribed under s 39(2)
    89
    3.16    Trade mark cannot be represented graphically (s 40)
    90
    3.17    Trade mark not able to be distinguished (s 41)
    90
    3.17.1  Inherent distinctiveness
    91
    3.17.2  Partial inherent distinctiveness: use and intended use
    94
    3.17.3  Distinctiveness through use
    94
    3.17.4  Functional shapes
    95
    3.17.5  Colour trade marks
    99
    3.18    Scandalous trade marks
    100
    3.19    Use contrary to law
    100
    3.20    Deceptive or confusing trade marks
    101
    3.21    Trade marks identical or similar to existing trade marks
    102
    3.21.1  Substantially identical with
    103
    3.21.2  Or deceptively similar to
    103
    3.21.3  The context of the comparison
    105
    3.21.4  Similar goods
    106
    3.21.5  Similar services
    108
    3.21.6  Closely related goods and services
    108
    3.21.7  A global assessment
    109
    3.22    Honest concurrent user
    109
    3.23    Prior continuous user
    111
    3.24    Other legislation
    112
    3.24.1  Protection of sporting events
    112
    3.24.2  Business names
    113
    3.24.3  Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation Amendment Act 1993 (Cth)
    114
    3.24.4  Protection for particular industries
    114
    3.25    Overview of grounds of opposition
    115
    3.26    Another trade mark's prior reputation (s 60)
    116
    3.26.1  Relationship with honest concurrent user and prior continuous user provisions
    118
    3.27    Geographical indications (s 61)
    118
    3.27.1  Definition of a geographical indication
    119
    3.27.2  Interpretation of s 61
    120
    3.27.3  Exceptions to s 61(1)
    121
    3.28    Application made in bad faith
    121
    3.29    Overview of rectification of the Register
    122
    3.30    Amendment or cancellation by Registrar
    122
    3.31    Overview of rectification by the court
    124
    3.31.1  Aggrieved person
    125
    3.32    Errors and omissions (s 85)
    126
    3.33    Contravention of conditions or limits (s 86)
    126
    3.34    Effect of ss 24 and 25 on s 87
    126
    3.35    Cancellation, removal or amendment (s 88(2))
    128
    3.36    Transitional provisions and presumptive validity
    129
    3.36.1  Fraud
    129
    3.36.2  Contrary to s 28 of the repealed legislation
    129
    3.36.3  Not distinctive when proceedings commence
    130
    3.37    General discretion not to rectify
    130
    3.38    Grounds for opposition
    131
    3.39    Fraud, false suggestion or misrepresentation
    132
    3.40    Use likely to deceive or cause confusion
    132
    3.41    Rectification not granted if registered owner not at fault
    133
    3.42    Removal for non-use
    136
    3.42.1  General discretion
    137
    3.42.2  Changes to non-use under the Trade Marks Amendment Act 2006 (Cth)
    138
    4       Exploitation of registered trade marks
    139
    4.1     Overview of infringement of trade marks
    139
    4.1.1   Use as a trade mark
    139
    4.1.2   Use as descriptive term rather than trade mark
    140
    4.1.3   Sign used to distinguish goods and services from others
    142
    4.1.4   Substantially identical with or deceptively similar to
    143
    4.1.5   Relevance of the defendant's conduct
    144
    4.1.6   Relevance of the plaintiff's trade mark's reputation
    145
    4.2     Section 120(1)
    146
    4.2.1   The goods or services for which the trade mark is registered
    147
    4.3     Section 120(2)
    147
    4.4     Section 120(3)
    148
    4.4.1   Anti-dilution
    149
    4.4.2   Well known
    150
    4.4.3   Used in relation to unrelated goods or services
    152
    4.4.4   Indicating a connection with the owner
    152
    4.4.5   Owner's interests adversely affected
    154
    4.4.6   Anti-dilution or passing off?
    155
    4.4.7   Comparison with passing off
    156
    4.5     Oral use of a trade mark
    156
    4.6     Two-dimensional device infringed by three-dimensional shape
    157
    4.7     Parallel importing
    157
    4.7.1   Parallel importing and licensees
    161
    4.7.2   Parallel importing and passing off
    161
    4.8     Second-hand goods
    162
    4.9     Trade mark infringement and the internet
    163
    4.10    Section 121: breach of certain restrictions
    166
    4.11    Groundless threats of legal proceedings
    166
    4.12    Acts not constituting infringement
    168
    4.12.1  In good faith
    168
    4.12.2  Good faith use of a name (s 122(1)(a))
    169
    4.12.3  Good faith use of a sign (s 122(1)(b))
    169
    4.12.4  Good faith used to indicate purpose (s 122(1)(c))
    170
    4.12.5  Use of trade mark for comparative advertising (s 122(1)(d))
    171
    4.12.6  Exercising right to use trade mark (s 122(1)(e))
    171
    4.12.7  Defendant may obtain registration of similar trade mark (s 122(1)(f))
    171
    4.12.8  Non-infringement due to condition or limitation (s 122(1)(g))
    172
    4.12.9  Disclaimers (s 122(1)(h))
    173
    4.13    Trade mark applied by or with consent of registered owner
    173
    4.14    Prior continuous use defence (s 124)
    174
    4.15    No damages for infringement during non-use period (s 127)
    174
    4.16    Remedies
    174
    4.17    Assignment of trade marks
    175
    4.17.1  Process of assignment
    176
    4.17.2  Assignment of certification trade marks
    177
    4.17.3  Assignment of collective trade marks
    177
    4.17.4  Assignment of defensive trade marks
    177
    4.18    Licensing of trade marks
    177
    4.18.1  Quality control
    179
    4.18.2  Financial control
    179
    4.18.3  Other forms of control
    180
    4.18.4  Franchising
    180
    4.18.5  Assignment of licences
    181
    4.19    Voluntary recording of interests and claims
    181
    4.20    International treaty obligations
    182
    5       Copyright: introduction
    184
    5.1     Introduction
    184
    5.2     Justifications
    186
    5.2.1   Utilitarian-based arguments
    186
    5.2.2   Natural rights
    188
    5.3     History
    189
    5.4     International influences
    196
    5.4.1   The Berne Convention (1886)
    196
    5.4.2   The Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) (1952)
    197
    5.4.3   The Rome Convention (1961)
    197
    5.4.4   GATT (1947) and TRIPS (1994)
    197
    5.4.5   The WIPO internet treaties (1996)
    198
    5.4.6   Australia–USA Free Trade Agreement 2004 (AUSFTA)
    198
    5.4.7   Future international reforms
    199
    6       Subsistence of copyright
    202
    6.1     Introduction
    202
    6.2     Subject matter
    203
    6.2.1   Works
    203
    6.2.2   Subject matter other than works (Part IV)
    215
    6.3     Recorded in material form
    217
    6.4     Connected to Australia
    218
    6.5     ‘Originality’
    220
    6.5.1   Original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works
    220
    6.5.2   Subject matter other than works
    227
    7       Authorship and first ownership, nature of the rights and duration
    229
    7.1     Introduction
    229
    7.2     ‘Authorship’ and first ownership
    229
    7.2.1   Who is the author?
    230
    7.2.2   Joint authorship
    232
    7.2.3   Works with no known author
    233
    7.3     Exceptions to first ownership
    233
    7.3.1   Works created by employees
    234
    7.3.2   Works created by journalists
    236
    7.3.3   Commissioned works
    236
    7.3.4   Crown copyright
    237
    7.4     Nature of the rights
    238
    7.4.1   The right of reproduction
    239
    7.4.2   The right to publish the work
    241
    7.4.3   The right to perform the work in public
    241
    7.4.4   The right to communicate the work to the public
    242
    7.4.5   The right to make an adaptation of the work
    244
    7.4.6   The right of commercial rental
    244
    7.5     Technological protection measures
    245
    7.5.1   Anti-circumvention
    246
    7.5.2   Rights management information
    252
    7.5.3   Unauthorised access to encoded broadcasts
    253
    7.6     Duration
    253
    8       Exploitation, infringement and defences
    255
    8.1     Introduction
    255
    8.2     Exploitation
    255
    8.2.1   Assignment
    256
    8.2.2   Licences
    257
    8.2.3   Collective administration
    264
    8.3     Infringement
    267
    8.3.1   Direct infringement
    268
    8.3.2   Indirect infringement
    285
    8.4     Relief for copyright infringement
    292
    8.4.1   Damages
    292
    8.4.2   Innocent infringement
    293
    8.4.3   Conversion or detention
    294
    8.4.4   Groundless threats to sue
    294
    8.4.5   Criminal offences
    295
    8.5     Defences and limitations
    297
    8.5.1   Fair dealing
    297
    8.5.2   Time-shifting
    308
    8.5.3   Format-shifting
    309
    8.5.4   Exceptions for archives and libraries
    311
    8.5.5   Educational uses
    313
    8.5.6   Artistic works
    314
    8.5.7   Computer programs
    315
    8.5.8   Temporary and incidental reproductions
    316
    8.5.9   Legal materials
    317
    8.5.10  Government uses
    317
    8.5.11  Reading or recitation in public
    318
    8.5.12  Sound recordings
    318
    8.5.13  Films
    318
    8.5.14  Public interest
    319
    8.5.15  Contracting out of the defences
    319
    8.5.16  Future reforms
    321
    9       Moral rights, performers’ rights, artist's resale rights, and other rights
    322
    9.1     Introduction
    322
    9.2     Moral rights
    322
    9.2.1   The right of attribution
    324
    9.2.2   The right of integrity
    325
    9.2.3   The right to object to false attribution
    327
    9.2.4   Limits on moral rights
    328
    9.2.5   Consent
    330
    9.2.6   Remedies for infringement of moral rights
    332
    9.2.7   Reform: Indigenous communal moral rights?
    332
    9.3     Performers’ rights
    333
    9.3.1   Performers’ moral rights
    336
    9.4     Artist's resale rights
    338
    9.5     Circuit layouts
    341
    9.5.1   Nature and scope of circuit layouts
    342
    9.5.2   Subsistence
    343
    9.5.3   Exclusive rights
    343
    9.5.4   Ownership
    344
    9.5.5   Exploitation
    344
    9.5.6   Duration
    344
    9.5.7   Infringement
    345
    9.5.8   Exceptions and defences
    345
    9.5.9   Remedies
    347
    9.5.10  Overlap with copyright and design protection?
    347
    9.6     Public and educational lending rights
    348
    10      Designs
    349
    10.1    Introduction
    349
    10.2    History
    349
    10.3    The registration process
    351
    10.3.1  Who can apply?
    351
    10.3.2  Requirements of the application
    352
    10.3.3  Request for registration or publication
    353
    10.3.4  Publication
    353
    10.3.5  Registration
    353
    10.3.6  Priority date
    354
    10.3.7  Duration
    354
    10.3.8  Post-registration examination
    354
    10.4    Criteria for protection
    355
    10.4.1  Meaning of ‘design’
    355
    10.4.2  ‘New’ and ‘distinctive’
    358
    10.5    Ownership
    360
    10.6    Rights
    360
    10.7    Infringement
    360
    10.7.1  Infringement under the 1906 Act
    360
    10.7.2  Infringement under the 2003 Designs Act
    361
    10.8    Exceptions
    364
    10.8.1  The spare parts defence
    364
    10.8.2  Consent and parallel importation
    366
    10.8.3  Crown use and supply
    366
    10.9    Remedies
    367
    10.9.1  Unjustified threats
    367
    10.10   Copyright–design overlap
    368
    10.10.1 Registration of a corresponding design
    369
    10.10.2 Industrial application of a corresponding design
    370
    11      Equitable doctrine of breach of confidence
    372
    11.1    Introduction
    372
    11.2    Origins of equitable doctrine of breach of confidence
    374
    11.3    The elements of the action
    376
    11.3.1  Must be able to identify the information with specificity
    377
    11.3.2  Information must have the necessary quality of confidence
    377
    11.3.3  Information given or received to import an obligation of confidence
    382
    11.3.4  Unauthorised use or disclosure of the information
    386
    11.3.5  The scope of the obligation
    388
    11.3.6  The need to show detriment
    389
    11.3.7  Reasonableness of obtaining a remedy
    390
    11.4    How long does the obligation last?
    391
    11.4.1  Express contractual obligations
    391
    11.4.2  Equitable obligations
    391
    11.4.3  Disclosure by the confider
    391
    11.4.4  Disclosure by the confidant
    392
    11.4.5  Disclosure by third party after confidence is imposed
    392
    11.5    Entitlement
    393
    11.6    Special circumstances: during employment
    394
    11.7    Special circumstances: after employment
    396
    11.7.1  Contract
    396
    11.7.2  Equitable principles of confidence
    398
    11.8    Defences: public interest in disclosure
    400
    11.8.1  Background
    400
    11.8.2  Nature of the defence in Australia
    401
    11.8.3  Disclosure must be to proper authorities
    403
    11.9    Remedies
    403
    11.9.1  General
    403
    11.9.2  The springboard principle
    404
    11.9.3  Damages
    405
    11.10   Relationship between confidential information and patents
    406
    11.11   Relationship between confidential information and copyright
    407
    11.12   International dimensions
    407
    12      Patents for inventions: introduction
    409
    12.1    What is a patent for invention?
    409
    12.2    Origins of patent protection
    410
    12.3    Development of patent law in Australia
    412
    12.4    Rationales of patent protection
    413
    12.5    Types of patent
    414
    12.5.1  Standard and innovation patents
    414
    12.5.2  Patents of addition
    414
    12.5.3  Selection patents
    414
    12.5.4  Combination patents
    414
    12.6    Types of application
    415
    12.6.1  Convention applications
    415
    12.6.2  PCT applications
    415
    12.6.3  Divisional applications
    417
    12.7    Procedure for obtaining a standard patent
    417
    12.7.1  The application
    417
    12.7.2  Pre-examination
    418
    12.7.3  Examination
    419
    12.7.4  Acceptance and publication
    419
    12.7.5  Opposition
    420
    12.7.6  Re-examination
    421
    12.7.7  Grant
    422
    12.8    Processing an application for an innovation patent
    422
    12.9    Patent term
    424
    12.10   Extension of term of standard patents for pharmaceuticals
    424
    12.10.1 The application
    424
    12.10.2 Calculation of the term of extension
    426
    12.11   Requirement of claims to have a priority date
    426
    12.11.1 Complete applications
    427
    12.11.2 Convention applications
    427
    12.11.3 PCT applications
    427
    12.11.4 Fair basing of claim on priority document
    427
    12.12   The role of priority dates
    429
    12.13   Withdrawal and lapsing of applications and ceasing of patents
    430
    12.14   International aspects
    431
    12.14.1 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 1883
    431
    12.14.2 TRIPS (1994)
    432
    12.14.3 The Budapest Treaty 1997
    432
    12.14.4 European Patent Convention (1973)
    433
    12.14.5 Patent Law Treaty (2000)
    434
    12.14.6 Australia–USA Free Trade Agreement 2004
    434
    12.15   Transitional provisions
    435
    13      Patents for inventions: validity
    436
    13.1    Statutory requirements
    436
    13.2    A two-tier system
    437
    13.3    The concept of invention
    438
    13.4    Manner of manufacture
    439
    13.4.1  Time at which manner of manufacture is raised
    439
    13.4.2  Background to the meaning of ‘manner of manufacture’
    439
    13.4.3  NRDC v Commissioner of Patents: meaning of ‘manner of manufacture’
    441
    13.4.4  Application of NRDC principles to expand scope and remove classes of unpatentable inventions
    442
    13.4.5  Business methods and systems
    444
    13.4.6  Computer programs
    446
    13.4.7  Genes and biological materials
    447
    13.4.8  Methods of medical treatment for humans
    448
    13.4.9  Discoveries, ideas and other unpatentable subject matter
    450
    13.4.10 Reform proposals
    452
    13.5    Generally inconvenient
    452
    13.6    Novelty
    454
    13.6.1  Introduction
    454
    13.6.2  Time at which novelty is raised
    455
    13.6.3  Statutory requirements: overview
    455
    13.6.4  Prior art base
    457
    13.6.5  Person skilled in the relevant art
    459
    13.6.6  Time at which to construe and read documentary disclosures
    459
    13.6.7  The meaning of ‘publicly available’
    460
    13.6.8  Test for ‘anticipation’
    461
    13.6.9  Prohibition on ‘mosaics’
    464
    13.6.10 Publicly available information disregarded: disclosure with consent
    465
    13.6.11 Publicly available information that is disregarded: non-consensual disclosure
    469
    13.6.12 Novelty by way of selection
    469
    13.6.13 Relationship with inventive step and innovative step
    471
    13.7    Inventive and innovative step: principles
    471
    13.7.1  Introduction
    471
    13.7.2  Time at which inventive or innovative step is raised
    472
    13.7.3  Statutory requirements: overview
    473
    13.7.4  Inventive step: prior art base and relevant information for purposes of comparison
    474
    13.7.5  Innovative step: prior art base and relevant information for purposes of comparison
    476
    13.7.6  Innovative step: level of advance and assessment
    477
    13.7.7  Summary of differences
    478
    13.8    Inventive step: elements in the assessment
    479
    13.8.1  Obvious: very plain
    479
    13.8.2  Person skilled in the relevant art
    479
    13.8.3  Common general knowledge
    481
    13.8.4  Information a skilled person would be expected to ascertain, understand and regard as relevant
    482
    13.8.5  Standard required: scintilla of inventiveness
    483
    13.8.6  Expert evidence ‘tainted by hindsight’
    483
    13.8.7  Secondary factors to assist assessment of obviousness
    484
    13.8.8  Objection to reliance upon hindsight
    486
    13.9    Threshold quality of ‘inventiveness’
    486
    13.9.1  The test
    486
    13.9.2  Assessment of the threshold quality of ‘inventiveness’
    488
    13.9.3  Innovation patents and the threshold test
    490
    13.10   Utility
    490
    13.10.1 General
    490
    13.10.2 Meaning of ‘useful’
    491
    13.11   Secret use
    492
    13.11.1 General
    492
    13.11.2 Rationale
    493
    13.11.3 The relationship with novelty
    493
    13.11.4 The meaning of ‘secret’
    494
    13.11.5 The meaning of ‘use’
    494
    13.11.6 Use for reasonable trial or experiment only
    495
    13.11.7 Use occurring solely in a confidential disclosure
    496
    13.11.8 Patentee use for any purpose other than trade or commerce
    497
    13.11.9 Use on behalf of the government
    498
    13.11.10Onus of proof
    498
    13.11.11Grace period
    498
    13.12   Express exclusions from patentability
    499
    13.12.1 Human beings and biological processes for their generation
    499
    13.12.2 Plants and animals
    499
    13.12.3 Contrary to law
    500
    13.12.4 Mere mixtures
    501
    13.12.5 International obligations
    501
    13.13   Internal requirements for patent specifications: s 40
    502
    13.13.1 Evolution of the specification and function of claims
    502
    13.13.2 Statutory provisions for internal requirements for patent specifications
    503
    13.13.3 Construction of specification for s 40 purposes
    504
    13.13.4 Stages for consideration of s 40 requirements
    504
    13.13.5 The relationship of s 40 and other grounds of invalidity
    505
    13.13.6 Provisional specification must describe invention: s 40(1)
    505
    13.13.7 Complete specification must provide sufficient description and best method of performance: s 40(2)
    506
    13.13.8 End with claims defining invention: s 40(2)(b), (c)
    510
    13.13.9 Claims must be clear and succinct: s 40(3)
    510
    13.13.10Claims must be fairly based: s 40(3)
    511
    13.13.11Consistory clause and fair basing
    512
    13.13.12Comparison with fair basis assessment: priority dates
    513
    13.13.13Claims must relate to one invention only: s 40(4)
    514
    13.14   Deposit requirements for micro-organisms
    514
    13.14.1 General provisions
    514
    13.14.2 The meaning of ‘experimental purposes’
    515
    14      Patents for inventions: allocation of rights and ownership, the Register and dealings
    517
    14.1    Entitlement to grant
    517
    14.1.1  Criteria for inventorship
    519
    14.1.2  Entitled to have patent assigned to person: s 15(1)(b)
    521
    14.1.3  Derives title to invention from inventor: s 15(1)(c)
    521
    14.2    Ownership and co-ownership
    522
    14.2.1  The notion of co-ownership
    522
    14.2.2  Rights of co-owners
    523
    14.2.3  Directions to co-owners
    524
    14.2.4  Grant of patent
    524
    14.2.5  Proprietary rights in the patent
    524
    14.3    Employee inventions
    525
    14.3.1  Express provisions in the employment contract
    525
    14.3.2  Implied duty to assign inventions: the duty of good faith
    526
    14.3.3  Fiduciary duties
    529
    14.4    Crown use of patents for inventions
    530
    14.4.1  Introduction
    530
    14.4.2  Exploitation of inventions by the Crown
    531
    14.4.3  Scope of the exploitation right
    532
    14.4.4  For the services of the Commonwealth or a State
    532
    14.4.5  Obligations of the Crown
    533
    14.4.6  Procedures available to a patentee
    534
    14.4.7  Remuneration and terms for exploitation
    534
    14.4.8  Exploitation of invention to cease under court order
    534
    14.4.9  Supply of products by Commonwealth to foreign countries
    534
    14.4.10 Acquisition of inventions or patents by the Commonwealth
    535
    14.4.11 Assignments of inventions to the Commonwealth
    535
    14.5    Dealings with inventions
    535
    14.5.1  General principles
    535
    14.5.2  Assignments
    536
    14.5.3  Exclusive licences
    536
    14.5.4  Non-exclusive and sole licences
    537
    14.6    Compulsory licences
    538
    14.6.1  Application
    538
    14.6.2  Effect of compulsory licence on other patents
    539
    14.6.3  Operation of the order
    540
    14.6.4  Remuneration payable
    540
    14.6.5  Revocation
    540
    14.6.6  Other circumstances for compulsory licence
    541
    14.6.7  International requirements
    541
    14.7    Contracts
    542
    14.7.1  Void conditions
    542
    14.7.2  Conditions that are not void
    544
    14.7.3  Defence to infringement proceedings
    544
    14.7.4  Termination of contract after patent ceases to be in force
    545
    14.8    The Register and official documents
    545
    14.8.1  Contents of the Register
    545
    14.8.2  Inspection and access to the Register
    547
    14.8.3  False entries
    547
    14.8.4  Evidence
    547
    14.8.5  Power of patentee to deal with patent
    547
    15      Patents for inventions: exploitation, infringement and revocation
    549
    15.1    The role of the patent specification
    549
    15.2    General principles for construction of patent specification
    550
    15.3    Claim construction
    553
    15.3.1  Introduction
    553
    15.3.2  ‘Pith and marrow’
    554
    15.3.3  Purposive construction
    555
    15.4    Exclusive rights of the patentee
    558
    15.4.1  The nature of exclusive rights
    558
    15.4.2  The concept of an implied licence on sale
    559
    15.4.3  No grant of positive rights
    559
    15.5    Direct infringement
    559
    15.5.1  Exclusive right to make a patented product
    560
    15.5.2  The exclusive right to use
    562
    15.5.3  The exclusive right to keep
    562
    15.5.4  The exclusive right to import the invention
    564
    15.5.5  The concept of parallel importation
    565
    15.5.6  Authorisation
    567
    15.5.7  Liability as a joint tortfeasor through ‘common design’ or ‘procurement’
    569
    15.6    Contributory infringement
    570
    15.6.1  Introduction
    570
    15.6.2  Section 117(1): supply of a ‘product’
    571
    15.6.3  Section 117(2): infringing uses
    573
    15.6.4  Section 117(2)(b): not a staple commercial product
    574
    15.6.5  Section 117(2)(b): supplier had reason to believe the person would put it to that use
    575
    15.6.6  Section 117(2)(c)
    575
    15.6.7  Infringement of a product patent by supply of component parts
    576
    15.7    Misleading and deceptive conduct
    577
    15.8    Defences to infringement
    577
    15.8.1  Use in or on foreign vessels, aircraft or vehicles
    578
    15.8.2  Prior use of an invention: s 119
    578
    15.8.3  Acts for obtaining regulatory approval of pharmaceuticals
    582
    15.8.4  Private acts
    583
    15.8.5  Experimental and research use
    584
    15.9    Infringement proceedings
    586
    15.10   Relief for infringement
    587
    15.11   Non-infringement declarations
    587
    15.12   Unjustified threats of infringement proceedings
    588
    15.13   Revocation of patents
    589
    15.13.1 Statutory provisions
    589
    15.13.2 Lack of entitlement
    590
    15.13.3 Fraud and false suggestion or misrepresentation
    592
    15.13.4 Litigation: parties to proceedings
    594
    15.14   Jurisdiction and powers of courts
    594
    15.14.1 Jurisdiction of the Federal Court
    594
    15.14.2 Jurisdiction of other prescribed courts
    595
    15.14.3 Prosecution for an offence against the Act
    595
    15.14.4 Appeals to the Federal Court
    595
    16      Plant breeder's rights
    597
    16.1    Introduction
    597
    16.2    Plant breeding: technical background
    598
    16.3    Subject matter of PBR
    599
    16.4    Registrability
    599
    16.4.1  The variety has a breeder
    600
    16.4.2  The variety is distinct
    601
    16.4.3  The variety is uniform
    602
    16.4.4  The variety is stable
    603
    16.4.5  Variety has not been exploited or only recently exploited
    603
    16.4.6  Time at which the variety must be DUS
    605
    16.5    PBR applications
    605
    16.5.1  Right to apply for PBR
    606
    16.5.2  Form of application for PBR
    607
    16.5.3  Priority dates
    608
    16.5.4  Acceptance and rejection
    608
    16.5.5  Variation of the application after acceptance
    609
    16.5.6  Application after acceptance: substantive examination and test-growing requirements
    609
    16.5.7  Objections
    610
    16.5.8  Access to the application and any objection
    611
    16.5.9  Status of accepted applications
    611
    16.5.10 Deposit of propagating material
    611
    16.6    Grant
    612
    16.6.1  Requirements
    612
    16.6.2  Entry of details in the Register
    613
    16.6.3  Effect of grant of PBR
    613
    16.6.4  Term of protection
    613
    16.7    Rights in PBR
    614
    16.7.1  General nature of PBR in propagating material
    614
    16.7.2  Extension beyond propagating material: essentially derived varieties
    615
    16.7.3  Extension beyond propagating material: certain dependent plant varieties
    617
    16.7.4  Extension beyond propagating material: harvested material
    617
    16.7.5  Extension beyond propagating material: products obtained from harvested material
    620
    16.7.6  Concept of exhaustion of rights
    620
    16.8    Limitations on the breeder's rights
    621
    16.8.1  Private, experimental or breeding purposes
    622
    16.8.2  Farmer's rights
    623
    16.8.3  Breeder's rights in harvested material and products from crops grown with farm-saved seed
    626
    16.8.4  Other restrictions on rights
    626
    16.8.5  Reasonable public access
    627
    16.9    Ownership and co-ownership
    628
    16.10   Exploiting PBR: licensing and other forms
    628
    16.10.1 Assignment of PBR
    628
    16.10.2 Licences
    628
    16.11   Revocation of PBR
    629
    16.12   Surrender of PBR
    630
    16.13   Infringement of rights
    630
    16.13.1 What amounts to infringement
    630
    16.13.2 Exemptions from infringement
    631
    16.13.3 Prior user rights
    631
    16.14   Enforcement of rights
    632
    16.14.1 Actions for infringement
    632
    16.14.2 Declarations as to non-infringement
    632
    16.14.3 Jurisdiction
    633
    16.14.4 Offences and conduct by directors, servants and agents
    633
    16.15   The Register
    633
    16.16   Remedies
    634
    16.17   Transitional provisions
    634
    16.18   Relationships between PBR and other intellectual property regimes
    635
    16.18.1 PBR and patents
    635
    16.18.2 PBR and trade marks
    635
    16.19   Other international conventions
    636
    17      Remedies and miscellaneous issues
    637
    17.1    Introduction
    637
    17.2    Pretrial remedies
    637
    17.2.1  Anton Piller orders
    638
    17.2.2  Representative orders
    640
    17.2.3  Interlocutory injunctions
    640
    17.3    Permanent injunctions
    642
    17.4    Groundless threats
    643
    17.5    Damages
    643
    17.6    Account of profits
    644
    17.7    Criminal liability
    646
    17.8    Customs seizure
    646
    17.9    Jurisdiction
    647
    17.10   Intellectual property and freedom of competition
    648
    17.10.1 Per se prohibitions
    649
    17.10.2 Rule of reason prohibitions
    649
    17.10.3 Exemptions under s 51(3)
    651
    17.11   Security over intellectual property
    651
    Index
    653
  • Mark J. Davison

    Mark J. Davison
    Monash University, Victoria

    Ann L. Monotti
    Monash University, Victoria

    Leanne Wiseman
    Griffith University, Queensland

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