Preface
|
xxiii |
Acknowledgements
|
xxv |
Table of statutes
|
xxvi |
Table of cases
|
l |
1 Introduction
|
1 |
1.1 The nature of intellectual property
|
1 |
1.2 Theory of intellectual property
|
2 |
1.2.1 The ‘property’ in intellectual property
|
2 |
1.2.2 Natural or personality rights
|
3 |
1.2.3 Incentive to create and disseminate
|
3 |
1.2.4 Protection for investment
|
4 |
1.2.5 Rent seeking
|
5 |
1.2.6 A combination of all the above
|
5 |
1.3 The intellectual property regimes
|
6 |
1.3.1 Passing off
|
6 |
1.3.2 Registered trade marks
|
7 |
1.3.3 Copyright and related rights
|
7 |
1.3.4 Designs
|
9 |
1.3.5 Confidential information
|
9 |
1.3.6 Patents
|
10 |
1.3.7 Plant breeder's rights
|
10 |
1.4 Impact of new technology
|
11 |
1.5 Internationalisation of intellectual property
|
12 |
1.5.1 WIPO
|
13 |
1.5.2 TRIPS (1994)
|
13 |
1.5.3 Bilateral agreements
|
15 |
1.5.4 Harmonisation of intellectual property procedures
|
16 |
1.6 Intellectual property in Australia
|
16 |
1.6.1 History of Australian intellectual property law
|
16 |
1.6.2 Constitutional law issues
|
17 |
1.7 Scheme of the book
|
19 |
2 Passing off
|
20 |
2.1 History of passing off
|
20 |
2.1.1 Common law and passing off
|
20 |
2.1.2 Equity and passing off
|
21 |
2.2 Elements of passing off
|
22 |
2.3 The reputation of the plaintiff
|
23 |
2.3.1 Location of reputation
|
25 |
2.3.2 Ownership of reputation
|
27 |
2.3.3 Joint ownership of reputation
|
27 |
2.3.4 Dual ownership: honest concurrent user and use of own name
|
28 |
2.3.5 Reputation in descriptive words and insignia: secondary meanings
|
30 |
2.3.6 Reputation in packaging and appearance
|
32 |
2.3.7 Reputation of marketing image
|
33 |
2.3.8 Reputation in personality
|
34 |
2.3.9 Abandonment of reputation
|
35 |
2.4 The misrepresentation
|
35 |
2.4.1 Misrepresentation, confusion and deception
|
35 |
2.4.2 The target of the representation
|
37 |
2.4.3 Misrepresentations of the trade origin of goods
|
38 |
2.4.4 Different quality of goods
|
38 |
2.4.5 Character merchandising
|
39 |
2.5 Passing off and the internet
|
42 |
2.5.1 Domain names
|
43 |
2.5.2 Australian passing off cases and the internet
|
44 |
2.5.3 Uniform dispute resolution policy
|
46 |
2.5.4 Australian uniform dispute resolution policy
|
48 |
2.5.5 Framing
|
48 |
2.5.6 Meta-tags
|
49 |
2.5.7 Pop-up advertisements when internet searching
|
50 |
2.6 Effect of disclaimers
|
51 |
2.7 A holistic perspective
|
53 |
2.8 Damage
|
53 |
2.9 Statutory causes of action
|
55 |
2.9.1 Application of the legislation
|
55 |
2.9.2 ‘In trade or commerce’
|
55 |
2.9.3 ‘Engage in conduct’
|
56 |
2.9.4 ‘Misleading or deceptive’
|
56 |
2.10 Comparison with passing off
|
58 |
2.10.1 Sections 29, 33 and 34 of sch 2
|
59 |
2.10.2 Injurious falsehood
|
59 |
2.11 Comparison with Europe and the United States
|
59 |
2.12 Remedies
|
61 |
3 Registered trade marks
|
64 |
3.1 History of registered trade marks
|
64 |
3.2 Drawbacks of passing off
|
65 |
3.3 Functions of trade marks
|
66 |
3.3.1 Reducing search costs
|
67 |
3.3.2 Managing property interests
|
67 |
3.4 Overview of the registration process
|
68 |
3.5 Definition of a trade mark
|
70 |
3.6 Definition of a sign
|
70 |
3.6.1 Aspect of packaging, shape
|
71 |
3.6.2 Colour
|
73 |
3.6.3 Sounds
|
73 |
3.6.4 Scents
|
74 |
3.7 ‘Used or intended to be used’
|
74 |
3.7.1 Unconditional intention
|
74 |
3.7.2 Objective test of intention
|
75 |
3.7.3 Use by others
|
75 |
3.8 Distinguishing goods or services
|
76 |
3.8.1 ‘Dealt with or provided’
|
77 |
3.8.2 ‘In the course of trade’
|
77 |
3.8.3 ‘By a person’
|
78 |
3.9 Ownership
|
79 |
3.9.1 First use in Australia
|
79 |
3.9.2 Distributorship arrangements
|
81 |
3.9.3 Creation or adoption of an overseas trade mark
|
82 |
3.9.4 Persons who can own a trade mark
|
83 |
3.10 Certification trade marks
|
83 |
3.10.1 Requirements for registration
|
84 |
3.10.2 Certification by other means
|
85 |
3.11 Collective trade marks
|
86 |
3.12 Defensive trade marks
|
86 |
3.13 Overview of requirements at examination of standard trade mark applications
|
88 |
3.14 National signs not to be used as trade marks
|
89 |
3.15 Signs prescribed under s 39(2)
|
89 |
3.16 Trade mark cannot be represented graphically (s 40)
|
90 |
3.17 Trade mark not able to be distinguished (s 41)
|
90 |
3.17.1 Inherent distinctiveness
|
91 |
3.17.2 Partial inherent distinctiveness: use and intended use
|
94 |
3.17.3 Distinctiveness through use
|
94 |
3.17.4 Functional shapes
|
95 |
3.17.5 Colour trade marks
|
99 |
3.18 Scandalous trade marks
|
100 |
3.19 Use contrary to law
|
100 |
3.20 Deceptive or confusing trade marks
|
101 |
3.21 Trade marks identical or similar to existing trade marks
|
102 |
3.21.1 Substantially identical with
|
103 |
3.21.2 Or deceptively similar to
|
103 |
3.21.3 The context of the comparison
|
105 |
3.21.4 Similar goods
|
106 |
3.21.5 Similar services
|
108 |
3.21.6 Closely related goods and services
|
108 |
3.21.7 A global assessment
|
109 |
3.22 Honest concurrent user
|
109 |
3.23 Prior continuous user
|
111 |
3.24 Other legislation
|
112 |
3.24.1 Protection of sporting events
|
112 |
3.24.2 Business names
|
113 |
3.24.3 Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation Amendment Act 1993 (Cth)
|
114 |
3.24.4 Protection for particular industries
|
114 |
3.25 Overview of grounds of opposition
|
115 |
3.26 Another trade mark's prior reputation (s 60)
|
116 |
3.26.1 Relationship with honest concurrent user and prior continuous user provisions
|
118 |
3.27 Geographical indications (s 61)
|
118 |
3.27.1 Definition of a geographical indication
|
119 |
3.27.2 Interpretation of s 61
|
120 |
3.27.3 Exceptions to s 61(1)
|
121 |
3.28 Application made in bad faith
|
121 |
3.29 Overview of rectification of the Register
|
122 |
3.30 Amendment or cancellation by Registrar
|
122 |
3.31 Overview of rectification by the court
|
124 |
3.31.1 Aggrieved person
|
125 |
3.32 Errors and omissions (s 85)
|
126 |
3.33 Contravention of conditions or limits (s 86)
|
126 |
3.34 Effect of ss 24 and 25 on s 87
|
126 |
3.35 Cancellation, removal or amendment (s 88(2))
|
128 |
3.36 Transitional provisions and presumptive validity
|
129 |
3.36.1 Fraud
|
129 |
3.36.2 Contrary to s 28 of the repealed legislation
|
129 |
3.36.3 Not distinctive when proceedings commence
|
130 |
3.37 General discretion not to rectify
|
130 |
3.38 Grounds for opposition
|
131 |
3.39 Fraud, false suggestion or misrepresentation
|
132 |
3.40 Use likely to deceive or cause confusion
|
132 |
3.41 Rectification not granted if registered owner not at fault
|
133 |
3.42 Removal for non-use
|
136 |
3.42.1 General discretion
|
137 |
3.42.2 Changes to non-use under the Trade Marks Amendment Act 2006 (Cth)
|
138 |
4 Exploitation of registered trade marks
|
139 |
4.1 Overview of infringement of trade marks
|
139 |
4.1.1 Use as a trade mark
|
139 |
4.1.2 Use as descriptive term rather than trade mark
|
140 |
4.1.3 Sign used to distinguish goods and services from others
|
142 |
4.1.4 Substantially identical with or deceptively similar to
|
143 |
4.1.5 Relevance of the defendant's conduct
|
144 |
4.1.6 Relevance of the plaintiff's trade mark's reputation
|
145 |
4.2 Section 120(1)
|
146 |
4.2.1 The goods or services for which the trade mark is registered
|
147 |
4.3 Section 120(2)
|
147 |
4.4 Section 120(3)
|
148 |
4.4.1 Anti-dilution
|
149 |
4.4.2 Well known
|
150 |
4.4.3 Used in relation to unrelated goods or services
|
152 |
4.4.4 Indicating a connection with the owner
|
152 |
4.4.5 Owner's interests adversely affected
|
154 |
4.4.6 Anti-dilution or passing off?
|
155 |
4.4.7 Comparison with passing off
|
156 |
4.5 Oral use of a trade mark
|
156 |
4.6 Two-dimensional device infringed by three-dimensional shape
|
157 |
4.7 Parallel importing
|
157 |
4.7.1 Parallel importing and licensees
|
161 |
4.7.2 Parallel importing and passing off
|
161 |
4.8 Second-hand goods
|
162 |
4.9 Trade mark infringement and the internet
|
163 |
4.10 Section 121: breach of certain restrictions
|
166 |
4.11 Groundless threats of legal proceedings
|
166 |
4.12 Acts not constituting infringement
|
168 |
4.12.1 In good faith
|
168 |
4.12.2 Good faith use of a name (s 122(1)(a))
|
169 |
4.12.3 Good faith use of a sign (s 122(1)(b))
|
169 |
4.12.4 Good faith used to indicate purpose (s 122(1)(c))
|
170 |
4.12.5 Use of trade mark for comparative advertising (s 122(1)(d))
|
171 |
4.12.6 Exercising right to use trade mark (s 122(1)(e))
|
171 |
4.12.7 Defendant may obtain registration of similar trade mark (s 122(1)(f))
|
171 |
4.12.8 Non-infringement due to condition or limitation (s 122(1)(g))
|
172 |
4.12.9 Disclaimers (s 122(1)(h))
|
173 |
4.13 Trade mark applied by or with consent of registered owner
|
173 |
4.14 Prior continuous use defence (s 124)
|
174 |
4.15 No damages for infringement during non-use period (s 127)
|
174 |
4.16 Remedies
|
174 |
4.17 Assignment of trade marks
|
175 |
4.17.1 Process of assignment
|
176 |
4.17.2 Assignment of certification trade marks
|
177 |
4.17.3 Assignment of collective trade marks
|
177 |
4.17.4 Assignment of defensive trade marks
|
177 |
4.18 Licensing of trade marks
|
177 |
4.18.1 Quality control
|
179 |
4.18.2 Financial control
|
179 |
4.18.3 Other forms of control
|
180 |
4.18.4 Franchising
|
180 |
4.18.5 Assignment of licences
|
181 |
4.19 Voluntary recording of interests and claims
|
181 |
4.20 International treaty obligations
|
182 |
5 Copyright: introduction
|
184 |
5.1 Introduction
|
184 |
5.2 Justifications
|
186 |
5.2.1 Utilitarian-based arguments
|
186 |
5.2.2 Natural rights
|
188 |
5.3 History
|
189 |
5.4 International influences
|
196 |
5.4.1 The Berne Convention (1886)
|
196 |
5.4.2 The Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) (1952)
|
197 |
5.4.3 The Rome Convention (1961)
|
197 |
5.4.4 GATT (1947) and TRIPS (1994)
|
197 |
5.4.5 The WIPO internet treaties (1996)
|
198 |
5.4.6 Australia–USA Free Trade Agreement 2004 (AUSFTA)
|
198 |
5.4.7 Future international reforms
|
199 |
6 Subsistence of copyright
|
202 |
6.1 Introduction
|
202 |
6.2 Subject matter
|
203 |
6.2.1 Works
|
203 |
6.2.2 Subject matter other than works (Part IV)
|
215 |
6.3 Recorded in material form
|
217 |
6.4 Connected to Australia
|
218 |
6.5 ‘Originality’
|
220 |
6.5.1 Original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works
|
220 |
6.5.2 Subject matter other than works
|
227 |
7 Authorship and first ownership, nature of the rights and duration
|
229 |
7.1 Introduction
|
229 |
7.2 ‘Authorship’ and first ownership
|
229 |
7.2.1 Who is the author?
|
230 |
7.2.2 Joint authorship
|
232 |
7.2.3 Works with no known author
|
233 |
7.3 Exceptions to first ownership
|
233 |
7.3.1 Works created by employees
|
234 |
7.3.2 Works created by journalists
|
236 |
7.3.3 Commissioned works
|
236 |
7.3.4 Crown copyright
|
237 |
7.4 Nature of the rights
|
238 |
7.4.1 The right of reproduction
|
239 |
7.4.2 The right to publish the work
|
241 |
7.4.3 The right to perform the work in public
|
241 |
7.4.4 The right to communicate the work to the public
|
242 |
7.4.5 The right to make an adaptation of the work
|
244 |
7.4.6 The right of commercial rental
|
244 |
7.5 Technological protection measures
|
245 |
7.5.1 Anti-circumvention
|
246 |
7.5.2 Rights management information
|
252 |
7.5.3 Unauthorised access to encoded broadcasts
|
253 |
7.6 Duration
|
253 |
8 Exploitation, infringement and defences
|
255 |
8.1 Introduction
|
255 |
8.2 Exploitation
|
255 |
8.2.1 Assignment
|
256 |
8.2.2 Licences
|
257 |
8.2.3 Collective administration
|
264 |
8.3 Infringement
|
267 |
8.3.1 Direct infringement
|
268 |
8.3.2 Indirect infringement
|
285 |
8.4 Relief for copyright infringement
|
292 |
8.4.1 Damages
|
292 |
8.4.2 Innocent infringement
|
293 |
8.4.3 Conversion or detention
|
294 |
8.4.4 Groundless threats to sue
|
294 |
8.4.5 Criminal offences
|
295 |
8.5 Defences and limitations
|
297 |
8.5.1 Fair dealing
|
297 |
8.5.2 Time-shifting
|
308 |
8.5.3 Format-shifting
|
309 |
8.5.4 Exceptions for archives and libraries
|
311 |
8.5.5 Educational uses
|
313 |
8.5.6 Artistic works
|
314 |
8.5.7 Computer programs
|
315 |
8.5.8 Temporary and incidental reproductions
|
316 |
8.5.9 Legal materials
|
317 |
8.5.10 Government uses
|
317 |
8.5.11 Reading or recitation in public
|
318 |
8.5.12 Sound recordings
|
318 |
8.5.13 Films
|
318 |
8.5.14 Public interest
|
319 |
8.5.15 Contracting out of the defences
|
319 |
8.5.16 Future reforms
|
321 |
9 Moral rights, performers’ rights, artist's resale rights, and other rights
|
322 |
9.1 Introduction
|
322 |
9.2 Moral rights
|
322 |
9.2.1 The right of attribution
|
324 |
9.2.2 The right of integrity
|
325 |
9.2.3 The right to object to false attribution
|
327 |
9.2.4 Limits on moral rights
|
328 |
9.2.5 Consent
|
330 |
9.2.6 Remedies for infringement of moral rights
|
332 |
9.2.7 Reform: Indigenous communal moral rights?
|
332 |
9.3 Performers’ rights
|
333 |
9.3.1 Performers’ moral rights
|
336 |
9.4 Artist's resale rights
|
338 |
9.5 Circuit layouts
|
341 |
9.5.1 Nature and scope of circuit layouts
|
342 |
9.5.2 Subsistence
|
343 |
9.5.3 Exclusive rights
|
343 |
9.5.4 Ownership
|
344 |
9.5.5 Exploitation
|
344 |
9.5.6 Duration
|
344 |
9.5.7 Infringement
|
345 |
9.5.8 Exceptions and defences
|
345 |
9.5.9 Remedies
|
347 |
9.5.10 Overlap with copyright and design protection?
|
347 |
9.6 Public and educational lending rights
|
348 |
10 Designs
|
349 |
10.1 Introduction
|
349 |
10.2 History
|
349 |
10.3 The registration process
|
351 |
10.3.1 Who can apply?
|
351 |
10.3.2 Requirements of the application
|
352 |
10.3.3 Request for registration or publication
|
353 |
10.3.4 Publication
|
353 |
10.3.5 Registration
|
353 |
10.3.6 Priority date
|
354 |
10.3.7 Duration
|
354 |
10.3.8 Post-registration examination
|
354 |
10.4 Criteria for protection
|
355 |
10.4.1 Meaning of ‘design’
|
355 |
10.4.2 ‘New’ and ‘distinctive’
|
358 |
10.5 Ownership
|
360 |
10.6 Rights
|
360 |
10.7 Infringement
|
360 |
10.7.1 Infringement under the 1906 Act
|
360 |
10.7.2 Infringement under the 2003 Designs Act
|
361 |
10.8 Exceptions
|
364 |
10.8.1 The spare parts defence
|
364 |
10.8.2 Consent and parallel importation
|
366 |
10.8.3 Crown use and supply
|
366 |
10.9 Remedies
|
367 |
10.9.1 Unjustified threats
|
367 |
10.10 Copyright–design overlap
|
368 |
10.10.1 Registration of a corresponding design
|
369 |
10.10.2 Industrial application of a corresponding design
|
370 |
11 Equitable doctrine of breach of confidence
|
372 |
11.1 Introduction
|
372 |
11.2 Origins of equitable doctrine of breach of confidence
|
374 |
11.3 The elements of the action
|
376 |
11.3.1 Must be able to identify the information with specificity
|
377 |
11.3.2 Information must have the necessary quality of confidence
|
377 |
11.3.3 Information given or received to import an obligation of confidence
|
382 |
11.3.4 Unauthorised use or disclosure of the information
|
386 |
11.3.5 The scope of the obligation
|
388 |
11.3.6 The need to show detriment
|
389 |
11.3.7 Reasonableness of obtaining a remedy
|
390 |
11.4 How long does the obligation last?
|
391 |
11.4.1 Express contractual obligations
|
391 |
11.4.2 Equitable obligations
|
391 |
11.4.3 Disclosure by the confider
|
391 |
11.4.4 Disclosure by the confidant
|
392 |
11.4.5 Disclosure by third party after confidence is imposed
|
392 |
11.5 Entitlement
|
393 |
11.6 Special circumstances: during employment
|
394 |
11.7 Special circumstances: after employment
|
396 |
11.7.1 Contract
|
396 |
11.7.2 Equitable principles of confidence
|
398 |
11.8 Defences: public interest in disclosure
|
400 |
11.8.1 Background
|
400 |
11.8.2 Nature of the defence in Australia
|
401 |
11.8.3 Disclosure must be to proper authorities
|
403 |
11.9 Remedies
|
403 |
11.9.1 General
|
403 |
11.9.2 The springboard principle
|
404 |
11.9.3 Damages
|
405 |
11.10 Relationship between confidential information and patents
|
406 |
11.11 Relationship between confidential information and copyright
|
407 |
11.12 International dimensions
|
407 |
12 Patents for inventions: introduction
|
409 |
12.1 What is a patent for invention?
|
409 |
12.2 Origins of patent protection
|
410 |
12.3 Development of patent law in Australia
|
412 |
12.4 Rationales of patent protection
|
413 |
12.5 Types of patent
|
414 |
12.5.1 Standard and innovation patents
|
414 |
12.5.2 Patents of addition
|
414 |
12.5.3 Selection patents
|
414 |
12.5.4 Combination patents
|
414 |
12.6 Types of application
|
415 |
12.6.1 Convention applications
|
415 |
12.6.2 PCT applications
|
415 |
12.6.3 Divisional applications
|
417 |
12.7 Procedure for obtaining a standard patent
|
417 |
12.7.1 The application
|
417 |
12.7.2 Pre-examination
|
418 |
12.7.3 Examination
|
419 |
12.7.4 Acceptance and publication
|
419 |
12.7.5 Opposition
|
420 |
12.7.6 Re-examination
|
421 |
12.7.7 Grant
|
422 |
12.8 Processing an application for an innovation patent
|
422 |
12.9 Patent term
|
424 |
12.10 Extension of term of standard patents for pharmaceuticals
|
424 |
12.10.1 The application
|
424 |
12.10.2 Calculation of the term of extension
|
426 |
12.11 Requirement of claims to have a priority date
|
426 |
12.11.1 Complete applications
|
427 |
12.11.2 Convention applications
|
427 |
12.11.3 PCT applications
|
427 |
12.11.4 Fair basing of claim on priority document
|
427 |
12.12 The role of priority dates
|
429 |
12.13 Withdrawal and lapsing of applications and ceasing of patents
|
430 |
12.14 International aspects
|
431 |
12.14.1 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 1883
|
431 |
12.14.2 TRIPS (1994)
|
432 |
12.14.3 The Budapest Treaty 1997
|
432 |
12.14.4 European Patent Convention (1973)
|
433 |
12.14.5 Patent Law Treaty (2000)
|
434 |
12.14.6 Australia–USA Free Trade Agreement 2004
|
434 |
12.15 Transitional provisions
|
435 |
13 Patents for inventions: validity
|
436 |
13.1 Statutory requirements
|
436 |
13.2 A two-tier system
|
437 |
13.3 The concept of invention
|
438 |
13.4 Manner of manufacture
|
439 |
13.4.1 Time at which manner of manufacture is raised
|
439 |
13.4.2 Background to the meaning of ‘manner of manufacture’
|
439 |
13.4.3 NRDC v Commissioner of Patents: meaning of ‘manner of manufacture’
|
441 |
13.4.4 Application of NRDC principles to expand scope and remove classes of unpatentable inventions
|
442 |
13.4.5 Business methods and systems
|
444 |
13.4.6 Computer programs
|
446 |
13.4.7 Genes and biological materials
|
447 |
13.4.8 Methods of medical treatment for humans
|
448 |
13.4.9 Discoveries, ideas and other unpatentable subject matter
|
450 |
13.4.10 Reform proposals
|
452 |
13.5 Generally inconvenient
|
452 |
13.6 Novelty
|
454 |
13.6.1 Introduction
|
454 |
13.6.2 Time at which novelty is raised
|
455 |
13.6.3 Statutory requirements: overview
|
455 |
13.6.4 Prior art base
|
457 |
13.6.5 Person skilled in the relevant art
|
459 |
13.6.6 Time at which to construe and read documentary disclosures
|
459 |
13.6.7 The meaning of ‘publicly available’
|
460 |
13.6.8 Test for ‘anticipation’
|
461 |
13.6.9 Prohibition on ‘mosaics’
|
464 |
13.6.10 Publicly available information disregarded: disclosure with consent
|
465 |
13.6.11 Publicly available information that is disregarded: non-consensual disclosure
|
469 |
13.6.12 Novelty by way of selection
|
469 |
13.6.13 Relationship with inventive step and innovative step
|
471 |
13.7 Inventive and innovative step: principles
|
471 |
13.7.1 Introduction
|
471 |
13.7.2 Time at which inventive or innovative step is raised
|
472 |
13.7.3 Statutory requirements: overview
|
473 |
13.7.4 Inventive step: prior art base and relevant information for purposes of comparison
|
474 |
13.7.5 Innovative step: prior art base and relevant information for purposes of comparison
|
476 |
13.7.6 Innovative step: level of advance and assessment
|
477 |
13.7.7 Summary of differences
|
478 |
13.8 Inventive step: elements in the assessment
|
479 |
13.8.1 Obvious: very plain
|
479 |
13.8.2 Person skilled in the relevant art
|
479 |
13.8.3 Common general knowledge
|
481 |
13.8.4 Information a skilled person would be expected to ascertain, understand and regard as relevant
|
482 |
13.8.5 Standard required: scintilla of inventiveness
|
483 |
13.8.6 Expert evidence ‘tainted by hindsight’
|
483 |
13.8.7 Secondary factors to assist assessment of obviousness
|
484 |
13.8.8 Objection to reliance upon hindsight
|
486 |
13.9 Threshold quality of ‘inventiveness’
|
486 |
13.9.1 The test
|
486 |
13.9.2 Assessment of the threshold quality of ‘inventiveness’
|
488 |
13.9.3 Innovation patents and the threshold test
|
490 |
13.10 Utility
|
490 |
13.10.1 General
|
490 |
13.10.2 Meaning of ‘useful’
|
491 |
13.11 Secret use
|
492 |
13.11.1 General
|
492 |
13.11.2 Rationale
|
493 |
13.11.3 The relationship with novelty
|
493 |
13.11.4 The meaning of ‘secret’
|
494 |
13.11.5 The meaning of ‘use’
|
494 |
13.11.6 Use for reasonable trial or experiment only
|
495 |
13.11.7 Use occurring solely in a confidential disclosure
|
496 |
13.11.8 Patentee use for any purpose other than trade or commerce
|
497 |
13.11.9 Use on behalf of the government
|
498 |
13.11.10Onus of proof
|
498 |
13.11.11Grace period
|
498 |
13.12 Express exclusions from patentability
|
499 |
13.12.1 Human beings and biological processes for their generation
|
499 |
13.12.2 Plants and animals
|
499 |
13.12.3 Contrary to law
|
500 |
13.12.4 Mere mixtures
|
501 |
13.12.5 International obligations
|
501 |
13.13 Internal requirements for patent specifications: s 40
|
502 |
13.13.1 Evolution of the specification and function of claims
|
502 |
13.13.2 Statutory provisions for internal requirements for patent specifications
|
503 |
13.13.3 Construction of specification for s 40 purposes
|
504 |
13.13.4 Stages for consideration of s 40 requirements
|
504 |
13.13.5 The relationship of s 40 and other grounds of invalidity
|
505 |
13.13.6 Provisional specification must describe invention: s 40(1)
|
505 |
13.13.7 Complete specification must provide sufficient description and best method of performance: s 40(2)
|
506 |
13.13.8 End with claims defining invention: s 40(2)(b), (c)
|
510 |
13.13.9 Claims must be clear and succinct: s 40(3)
|
510 |
13.13.10Claims must be fairly based: s 40(3)
|
511 |
13.13.11Consistory clause and fair basing
|
512 |
13.13.12Comparison with fair basis assessment: priority dates
|
513 |
13.13.13Claims must relate to one invention only: s 40(4)
|
514 |
13.14 Deposit requirements for micro-organisms
|
514 |
13.14.1 General provisions
|
514 |
13.14.2 The meaning of ‘experimental purposes’
|
515 |
14 Patents for inventions: allocation of rights and ownership, the Register and dealings
|
517 |
14.1 Entitlement to grant
|
517 |
14.1.1 Criteria for inventorship
|
519 |
14.1.2 Entitled to have patent assigned to person: s 15(1)(b)
|
521 |
14.1.3 Derives title to invention from inventor: s 15(1)(c)
|
521 |
14.2 Ownership and co-ownership
|
522 |
14.2.1 The notion of co-ownership
|
522 |
14.2.2 Rights of co-owners
|
523 |
14.2.3 Directions to co-owners
|
524 |
14.2.4 Grant of patent
|
524 |
14.2.5 Proprietary rights in the patent
|
524 |
14.3 Employee inventions
|
525 |
14.3.1 Express provisions in the employment contract
|
525 |
14.3.2 Implied duty to assign inventions: the duty of good faith
|
526 |
14.3.3 Fiduciary duties
|
529 |
14.4 Crown use of patents for inventions
|
530 |
14.4.1 Introduction
|
530 |
14.4.2 Exploitation of inventions by the Crown
|
531 |
14.4.3 Scope of the exploitation right
|
532 |
14.4.4 For the services of the Commonwealth or a State
|
532 |
14.4.5 Obligations of the Crown
|
533 |
14.4.6 Procedures available to a patentee
|
534 |
14.4.7 Remuneration and terms for exploitation
|
534 |
14.4.8 Exploitation of invention to cease under court order
|
534 |
14.4.9 Supply of products by Commonwealth to foreign countries
|
534 |
14.4.10 Acquisition of inventions or patents by the Commonwealth
|
535 |
14.4.11 Assignments of inventions to the Commonwealth
|
535 |
14.5 Dealings with inventions
|
535 |
14.5.1 General principles
|
535 |
14.5.2 Assignments
|
536 |
14.5.3 Exclusive licences
|
536 |
14.5.4 Non-exclusive and sole licences
|
537 |
14.6 Compulsory licences
|
538 |
14.6.1 Application
|
538 |
14.6.2 Effect of compulsory licence on other patents
|
539 |
14.6.3 Operation of the order
|
540 |
14.6.4 Remuneration payable
|
540 |
14.6.5 Revocation
|
540 |
14.6.6 Other circumstances for compulsory licence
|
541 |
14.6.7 International requirements
|
541 |
14.7 Contracts
|
542 |
14.7.1 Void conditions
|
542 |
14.7.2 Conditions that are not void
|
544 |
14.7.3 Defence to infringement proceedings
|
544 |
14.7.4 Termination of contract after patent ceases to be in force
|
545 |
14.8 The Register and official documents
|
545 |
14.8.1 Contents of the Register
|
545 |
14.8.2 Inspection and access to the Register
|
547 |
14.8.3 False entries
|
547 |
14.8.4 Evidence
|
547 |
14.8.5 Power of patentee to deal with patent
|
547 |
15 Patents for inventions: exploitation, infringement and revocation
|
549 |
15.1 The role of the patent specification
|
549 |
15.2 General principles for construction of patent specification
|
550 |
15.3 Claim construction
|
553 |
15.3.1 Introduction
|
553 |
15.3.2 ‘Pith and marrow’
|
554 |
15.3.3 Purposive construction
|
555 |
15.4 Exclusive rights of the patentee
|
558 |
15.4.1 The nature of exclusive rights
|
558 |
15.4.2 The concept of an implied licence on sale
|
559 |
15.4.3 No grant of positive rights
|
559 |
15.5 Direct infringement
|
559 |
15.5.1 Exclusive right to make a patented product
|
560 |
15.5.2 The exclusive right to use
|
562 |
15.5.3 The exclusive right to keep
|
562 |
15.5.4 The exclusive right to import the invention
|
564 |
15.5.5 The concept of parallel importation
|
565 |
15.5.6 Authorisation
|
567 |
15.5.7 Liability as a joint tortfeasor through ‘common design’ or ‘procurement’
|
569 |
15.6 Contributory infringement
|
570 |
15.6.1 Introduction
|
570 |
15.6.2 Section 117(1): supply of a ‘product’
|
571 |
15.6.3 Section 117(2): infringing uses
|
573 |
15.6.4 Section 117(2)(b): not a staple commercial product
|
574 |
15.6.5 Section 117(2)(b): supplier had reason to believe the person would put it to that use
|
575 |
15.6.6 Section 117(2)(c)
|
575 |
15.6.7 Infringement of a product patent by supply of component parts
|
576 |
15.7 Misleading and deceptive conduct
|
577 |
15.8 Defences to infringement
|
577 |
15.8.1 Use in or on foreign vessels, aircraft or vehicles
|
578 |
15.8.2 Prior use of an invention: s 119
|
578 |
15.8.3 Acts for obtaining regulatory approval of pharmaceuticals
|
582 |
15.8.4 Private acts
|
583 |
15.8.5 Experimental and research use
|
584 |
15.9 Infringement proceedings
|
586 |
15.10 Relief for infringement
|
587 |
15.11 Non-infringement declarations
|
587 |
15.12 Unjustified threats of infringement proceedings
|
588 |
15.13 Revocation of patents
|
589 |
15.13.1 Statutory provisions
|
589 |
15.13.2 Lack of entitlement
|
590 |
15.13.3 Fraud and false suggestion or misrepresentation
|
592 |
15.13.4 Litigation: parties to proceedings
|
594 |
15.14 Jurisdiction and powers of courts
|
594 |
15.14.1 Jurisdiction of the Federal Court
|
594 |
15.14.2 Jurisdiction of other prescribed courts
|
595 |
15.14.3 Prosecution for an offence against the Act
|
595 |
15.14.4 Appeals to the Federal Court
|
595 |
16 Plant breeder's rights
|
597 |
16.1 Introduction
|
597 |
16.2 Plant breeding: technical background
|
598 |
16.3 Subject matter of PBR
|
599 |
16.4 Registrability
|
599 |
16.4.1 The variety has a breeder
|
600 |
16.4.2 The variety is distinct
|
601 |
16.4.3 The variety is uniform
|
602 |
16.4.4 The variety is stable
|
603 |
16.4.5 Variety has not been exploited or only recently exploited
|
603 |
16.4.6 Time at which the variety must be DUS
|
605 |
16.5 PBR applications
|
605 |
16.5.1 Right to apply for PBR
|
606 |
16.5.2 Form of application for PBR
|
607 |
16.5.3 Priority dates
|
608 |
16.5.4 Acceptance and rejection
|
608 |
16.5.5 Variation of the application after acceptance
|
609 |
16.5.6 Application after acceptance: substantive examination and test-growing requirements
|
609 |
16.5.7 Objections
|
610 |
16.5.8 Access to the application and any objection
|
611 |
16.5.9 Status of accepted applications
|
611 |
16.5.10 Deposit of propagating material
|
611 |
16.6 Grant
|
612 |
16.6.1 Requirements
|
612 |
16.6.2 Entry of details in the Register
|
613 |
16.6.3 Effect of grant of PBR
|
613 |
16.6.4 Term of protection
|
613 |
16.7 Rights in PBR
|
614 |
16.7.1 General nature of PBR in propagating material
|
614 |
16.7.2 Extension beyond propagating material: essentially derived varieties
|
615 |
16.7.3 Extension beyond propagating material: certain dependent plant varieties
|
617 |
16.7.4 Extension beyond propagating material: harvested material
|
617 |
16.7.5 Extension beyond propagating material: products obtained from harvested material
|
620 |
16.7.6 Concept of exhaustion of rights
|
620 |
16.8 Limitations on the breeder's rights
|
621 |
16.8.1 Private, experimental or breeding purposes
|
622 |
16.8.2 Farmer's rights
|
623 |
16.8.3 Breeder's rights in harvested material and products from crops grown with farm-saved seed
|
626 |
16.8.4 Other restrictions on rights
|
626 |
16.8.5 Reasonable public access
|
627 |
16.9 Ownership and co-ownership
|
628 |
16.10 Exploiting PBR: licensing and other forms
|
628 |
16.10.1 Assignment of PBR
|
628 |
16.10.2 Licences
|
628 |
16.11 Revocation of PBR
|
629 |
16.12 Surrender of PBR
|
630 |
16.13 Infringement of rights
|
630 |
16.13.1 What amounts to infringement
|
630 |
16.13.2 Exemptions from infringement
|
631 |
16.13.3 Prior user rights
|
631 |
16.14 Enforcement of rights
|
632 |
16.14.1 Actions for infringement
|
632 |
16.14.2 Declarations as to non-infringement
|
632 |
16.14.3 Jurisdiction
|
633 |
16.14.4 Offences and conduct by directors, servants and agents
|
633 |
16.15 The Register
|
633 |
16.16 Remedies
|
634 |
16.17 Transitional provisions
|
634 |
16.18 Relationships between PBR and other intellectual property regimes
|
635 |
16.18.1 PBR and patents
|
635 |
16.18.2 PBR and trade marks
|
635 |
16.19 Other international conventions
|
636 |
17 Remedies and miscellaneous issues
|
637 |
17.1 Introduction
|
637 |
17.2 Pretrial remedies
|
637 |
17.2.1 Anton Piller orders
|
638 |
17.2.2 Representative orders
|
640 |
17.2.3 Interlocutory injunctions
|
640 |
17.3 Permanent injunctions
|
642 |
17.4 Groundless threats
|
643 |
17.5 Damages
|
643 |
17.6 Account of profits
|
644 |
17.7 Criminal liability
|
646 |
17.8 Customs seizure
|
646 |
17.9 Jurisdiction
|
647 |
17.10 Intellectual property and freedom of competition
|
648 |
17.10.1 Per se prohibitions
|
649 |
17.10.2 Rule of reason prohibitions
|
649 |
17.10.3 Exemptions under s 51(3)
|
651 |
17.11 Security over intellectual property
|
651 |
Index
|
653 |