Preface
|
xix |
Tables of cases
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xxi |
Table of statutes, SIs, European Legislation and Treaties and Conventions
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xlv |
1 Introduction
|
1 |
1. The subject matter
|
1 |
2. The name
|
3 |
3. Geographical considerations
|
4 |
4. Glossary
|
5 |
2 Characteristics of the English conflict of laws
|
6 |
1. Late development
|
6 |
2. Legislation: the increasing role of the EU
|
8 |
3 Domicile and habitual residence
|
11 |
1. Introduction: personal connecting factor for choice of law and jurisdiction
|
11 |
2. Meaning of domicile
|
12 |
3. Domicile of origin
|
14 |
4. Domicile of choice
|
14 |
a. Differences from domicile of origin
|
14 |
b. Acquisition
|
15 |
c. Burden and standard of proof
|
19 |
d. Evidence of intention
|
21 |
e. Domicile as a social bond
|
21 |
f. Motive and freedom of choice
|
22 |
g. Abandonment of domicile of choice/dependence
|
23 |
5. Domicile of dependence
|
23 |
a. Married women
|
23 |
b. Minors
|
24 |
c. Mental patients
|
26 |
6. Criticism and reform
|
27 |
a. General
|
27 |
b. Law Commission's proposals (1987)
|
30 |
7. Ordinary residence
|
31 |
8. Habitual residence
|
32 |
9. Habitual residence in EU legislation
|
36 |
10. Corporations
|
37 |
a. Status and domicile
|
37 |
b. Residence
|
38 |
4 Selected aspects of procedure of the English court
|
40 |
1. Introduction
|
40 |
2. Outline of a case
|
41 |
a. Issue of claim form
|
41 |
b. Service of claim form
|
42 |
c. Case management
|
42 |
d. Interlocutory hearing on jurisdiction
|
43 |
e. Disclosure
|
44 |
f. Trial: a substantive hearing on merits
|
45 |
g. Enforcement of judgments
|
45 |
h. Res judicata: the binding effect of a judgment
|
46 |
3. Pleading and proof of foreign law
|
46 |
a. Foreign law as fact
|
46 |
b. Method of proof
|
48 |
c. Duty of the English court
|
48 |
d. Party autonomy
|
49 |
5 Jurisdiction of the English courts
|
52 |
1. Introduction
|
52 |
2. Preliminary matters: a good arguable case and a serious issue to be tried
|
55 |
3. Brussels I Regulation
|
56 |
a. History
|
56 |
b. Interpretation and purpose
|
57 |
c. Scope
|
59 |
i. Excluded matters generally
|
61 |
ii. Expressed exclusions
|
62 |
d. Outline
|
68 |
e. General rule: defendant’s domicile
|
70 |
i. Definition: domicile of natural persons
|
71 |
ii. Definition: domicile of legal persons
|
73 |
iii. Domicile of trusts
|
75 |
f. Special rules of jurisdiction: generally
|
76 |
g. Article 5(1) contract
|
76 |
i. ‘Matters relating to a contract’ has an autonomous meaning
|
77 |
ii. Disputes about the existence of a contract
|
78 |
iii. Structure of Article 5(1)
|
79 |
iv. Sale of goods contracts
|
79 |
v. Provision of services contracts
|
81 |
vi. Article 5(1)(a) contracts
|
82 |
h. Special rules: Article 5(2) maintenance
|
86 |
i. Special rules: Article 5(3) tort
|
87 |
i. Autonomous definition of tort
|
87 |
ii. Threatened wrongs
|
89 |
iii. Concurrent actions in tort and contract
|
89 |
iv. Place where the harmful event occurred
|
90 |
j. Special rules: Article 5(4) criminal proceedings
|
94 |
k. Special rules: Article 5(5) branches
|
94 |
i. Definition of branch, etc.
|
94 |
ii. Operations of the branch, etc.
|
95 |
l. Special rules: Article 5(6) trusts
|
96 |
m. Special rules: Article 6 co-defendants, third parties and counterclaims
|
97 |
i. Article 6(1) co-defendants
|
97 |
ii. Article 6(2) third parties
|
99 |
iii. Article 6(3) counterclaims
|
100 |
n. Special rules: Articles 8–14 insurers
|
100 |
o. Special rules: Articles 15–17 consumers
|
101 |
p. Special rules: Articles 18–21 employees
|
103 |
q. Exclusive jurisdiction: Article 22
|
105 |
i. Rights in rem in immovable property
|
105 |
ii. Corporations and legal persons
|
107 |
iii. Entries in public registers
|
109 |
iv. Registration or validity of intellectual property rights
|
109 |
r. Jurisdiction agreements: Article 23
|
111 |
i. Article 23(1)
|
112 |
ii. Validity of agreement: consensus and form
|
113 |
iii. Article 23(3)
|
117 |
iv. Interpretation of jurisdiction agreements
|
117 |
v. Limitations on Article 23
|
118 |
s. Submission – (Article 24)
|
118 |
t. Examination of jurisdiction
|
119 |
u. Lis pendens – (Articles 27 and 28)
|
120 |
i. Article 27: same cause of action and same parties
|
122 |
ii. Article 28: related causes of action
|
129 |
v. Provisional measures
|
132 |
w. Brussels I Regulation (recast)
|
133 |
i. Extending jurisdiction to defendants domiciled in third states
|
134 |
ii. Parallel proceedings in other Member States
|
135 |
iii. Parallel proceedings in third states
|
136 |
iv. Arbitration
|
138 |
v. Jurisdiction agreements
|
138 |
vi. Examination of a court’s jurisdiction
|
138 |
6 National rules of jurisdiction
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139 |
1. Jurisdiction under national law (including staying of proceedings)
|
139 |
a. Introduction
|
139 |
b. Service on defendant present within the jurisdiction
|
142 |
i. Natural persons
|
142 |
ii. Legal persons
|
143 |
c. Service on agent of defendant
|
146 |
d. Submission of defendant
|
146 |
i. Defendant argues merits of case or counterclaims
|
146 |
ii. Providing an address for service within the jurisdiction
|
147 |
e. Service on defendant out of the jurisdiction
|
147 |
i. Gateways
|
149 |
1. Defendant domiciled within the jurisdiction
|
149 |
2. Claim for an injunction ordering the defendant to do or refrain from doing something within the jurisdiction
|
149 |
3. Claims against necessary and proper parties and third parties
|
150 |
4. Claims for interim remedies
|
151 |
5. Claims over contracts
|
152 |
6. Claims in tort
|
158 |
7. Enforcement
|
160 |
8. Property
|
160 |
9. Trusts and restitution
|
161 |
ii. Procedure
|
162 |
iii. Possible alternative claims
|
163 |
iv. Effecting service abroad
|
163 |
f. Defendant’s challenge to jurisdiction
|
164 |
i. Stays of proceedings on forum non conveniens grounds
|
164 |
ii. Challenges to permission to serve out
|
164 |
g. Natural or proper forum: forum conveniens
|
165 |
i. Most real and substantial connection
|
165 |
ii. Particular factors
|
168 |
1. Applicable law
|
168 |
2. Lis pendens
|
169 |
3. Consolidating actions
|
170 |
4. Jurisdiction and arbitration agreements
|
171 |
5. Practical advantage
|
171 |
iii. Treatment of advantages
|
172 |
h. Second stage: the test of substantial justice
|
174 |
i. Criticism of forum conveniens
|
177 |
j. Jurisdiction and arbitration agreements
|
178 |
i. Validity
|
179 |
ii. Interpretation
|
181 |
iii. Effect
|
182 |
1. English jurisdiction agreements
|
183 |
2. Foreign jurisdiction agreements
|
185 |
2. Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements
|
186 |
3. Relationship between Brussels I Regulation and national rules of jurisdiction
|
188 |
a. Criticism of Owusu
|
190 |
b. Outstanding questions
|
190 |
c. Proposals for alterations to the Brussels I Regulation after Owusu
|
193 |
4. Restraining foreign proceedings (anti-suit injunctions)
|
194 |
a. Introduction
|
194 |
b. Basis for injunction
|
195 |
i. Jurisdiction over respondent
|
195 |
ii. A ‘sufficient interest’ in the dispute
|
197 |
iii. Injustice
|
198 |
1. Proceedings in breach of a jurisdiction or arbitration agreement
|
198 |
2. Unconscionable conduct
|
200 |
3. Vexation or oppression of the applicant
|
200 |
c. Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights
|
202 |
d. Restraining proceedings in another Member State
|
203 |
7 Provisional measures
|
206 |
1. Introduction
|
206 |
2. Freezing injunctions
|
207 |
a. Introduction
|
207 |
b. Foreign proceedings: jurisdiction over the respondent
|
210 |
i. National law
|
211 |
ii. Brussels I Regulation
|
211 |
c. Exercise of discretion in support of foreign proceedings
|
212 |
d. Worldwide freezing injunctions
|
213 |
e. Worldwide freezing injunctions: foreign proceedings
|
214 |
f. Protection of respondents and third parties: provisos
|
215 |
g. Concerns over human rights
|
215 |
8 Foreign judgments
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217 |
1. Introduction
|
217 |
2. Theories of recognition and enforcement
|
219 |
3. Recognition and enforcement under the Brussels I Regulation
|
221 |
a. Judgments falling within the Brussels I Regulation
|
221 |
i. Scope of the Brussels I Regulation
|
221 |
ii. Meaning of judgment
|
223 |
b. Recognition
|
223 |
c. Enforcement
|
223 |
d. Effect
|
224 |
e. Defences
|
225 |
i. Manifestly contrary to public policy
|
225 |
ii. Natural justice
|
229 |
iii. Irreconcilable with an English judgment
|
231 |
iv. Irreconcilable with a judgment of another Member State or of a third state
|
232 |
v. Conflicts with sections 3, 4, or 6 or Article 72
|
232 |
vi. No review of jurisdiction or substance
|
233 |
vii. Appeals
|
234 |
f. Reform of the Brussels I Regulation
|
234 |
i. Abolition of exequatur
|
235 |
ii. Reduction of defences
|
235 |
iii. Arbitration
|
235 |
4. Other European procedures
|
236 |
5. Recognition and enforcement under national law rules
|
236 |
a. Jurisdiction of the foreign court
|
237 |
i. Natural persons as judgment debtors
|
239 |
ii. Legal persons as judgment debtors
|
240 |
iii. Submission to the foreign court
|
244 |
1. By voluntary appearance
|
244 |
2. By agreement
|
247 |
iv. No other basis of jurisdiction
|
248 |
b. Enforceable judgment
|
249 |
i. Final and conclusive
|
249 |
ii. Fixed sum
|
250 |
iii. Taxes, penalties or other public law judgments
|
250 |
iv. Multiple damages: Protection of Trading Interests Act 1980
|
251 |
v. Sovereign immunity
|
252 |
c. Effect of foreign judgments
|
252 |
d. Defences
|
253 |
i. Public policy
|
253 |
ii. Fraud
|
254 |
iii. Judgments contrary to natural justice
|
256 |
1. Notice of the proceedings
|
257 |
2. Right to be heard
|
257 |
3. ‘Substantial justice’
|
258 |
iv. Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights
|
259 |
v. Conflicting English or foreign judgment
|
260 |
e. Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982, s. 32
|
260 |
6. Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements
|
261 |
9 Choice of law rules
|
264 |
1. Introduction
|
264 |
2. Analysis
|
264 |
3. Connecting factors
|
266 |
4. Characterisation
|
267 |
a. The lex fori theory
|
269 |
b. The lex causae theory
|
270 |
c. Analytical jurisprudence and comparative law
|
270 |
d. Falconbridge's views
|
271 |
e. English courts and characterisation
|
271 |
f. A special case: substance and procedure
|
275 |
g. Limitation of actions
|
276 |
5. The incidental question
|
277 |
6. Renvoi
|
280 |
a. Meaning
|
280 |
b. Arguments against renvoi
|
284 |
c. Arguments in favour of renvoi
|
286 |
d. Summary
|
287 |
e. Areas of application
|
287 |
7. Time factor
|
288 |
10 Contractual obligations
|
291 |
1. Introduction
|
291 |
2. Background to Rome I Regulation
|
294 |
3. Temporal scope and interpretation
|
294 |
4. Material scope and exceptions
|
295 |
5. Effect of applicable law
|
297 |
6. General rules
|
300 |
a. Introduction
|
300 |
b. Renvoi is excluded
|
301 |
c. Method to follow in matters of contract
|
301 |
d. Parties' choice of law
|
302 |
i. Express choice
|
302 |
ii. Inferred choice
|
304 |
iii. Dépeçage
|
306 |
iv. Limitations on parties' choice
|
306 |
e. Absence of choice: Article 4
|
307 |
i. Specific contracts
|
307 |
ii. Residual rule for other contracts
|
309 |
iii. Habitual residence
|
309 |
iv. Exceptional rule: close connection
|
311 |
v. Deconstructing Article 4
|
311 |
vi. Manifestly more close connection
|
315 |
7. Special rules
|
317 |
a. Contracts of carriage of goods
|
317 |
b. Carriage of passengers
|
317 |
c. Consumer contracts
|
318 |
d. Insurance contracts
|
318 |
e. Individual employment contracts
|
319 |
8. Formal validity
|
319 |
9. Capacity
|
320 |
10. Exceptions to the applicable law
|
321 |
11. Public policy and mandatory rules
|
323 |
a. Article 9
|
323 |
b. Article 21
|
326 |
12. Effect of illegality on a contract
|
329 |
13. Unilateral rules
|
333 |
14. Liability in both contract and tort
|
333 |
11 Non-contractual obligations
|
335 |
1. Introduction
|
335 |
2. Universal application and interpretation
|
337 |
3. Temporal scope
|
338 |
4. ‘Non-contractual obligation’
|
339 |
a. Non-contractual or contractual obligation?
|
339 |
b. Non-contractual obligation or property?
|
340 |
c. Excluded matters
|
340 |
5. Exclusion of renvoi
|
342 |
6. Habitual residence
|
342 |
7. Damage
|
343 |
8. Effect of the applicable law
|
343 |
9. Applicable law of non-contractual obligations arising out of a tort/delict
|
346 |
a. General rule: Article 4
|
347 |
i. Lex loci damni
|
347 |
ii. Common habitual residence
|
350 |
b. Displacement
|
351 |
10. Rules of safety and conduct
|
355 |
11. Particular non-contractual obligations
|
355 |
a. Product liability
|
355 |
b. Unfair competition and restricting free competition
|
356 |
c. Environmental damage
|
357 |
d. Infringements of intellectual property rights
|
358 |
e. Industrial action
|
359 |
f. Unjust enrichment
|
359 |
g. Negotiorum gestio
|
361 |
h. Culpa in contrahendo
|
361 |
12. Parties' choice of law
|
362 |
13. Liability in both contract and tort
|
363 |
14. Effect of a contract limiting liability
|
364 |
15. Mandatory rules and public policy
|
365 |
16. Defamation, etc. (the common law rule of double actionability)
|
366 |
17. Trusts
|
369 |
a. Application of the Hague Convention
|
369 |
b. Choice of law rules: the governing law
|
370 |
c. Recognition of trusts
|
372 |
d. Restrictions: mandatory rules and public policy
|
373 |
e. Variation of trusts
|
374 |
12 Property
|
377 |
1. Introduction
|
377 |
2. Characterisation
|
377 |
a. Contract, tort or property?
|
377 |
b. Voluntary or involuntary?
|
378 |
c. Immovable or movable?
|
379 |
d. Tangible or intangible?
|
379 |
3. Immovables
|
380 |
a. Jurisdiction
|
380 |
b. Choice of law
|
383 |
4. Tangible movables
|
385 |
a. Jurisdiction
|
385 |
b. General rule: lex situs
|
386 |
c. Security interests, conditional sales, reservations of title, etc.
|
389 |
d. Exceptions
|
392 |
i. Goods in transit
|
392 |
ii. Public policy, mandatory rules and fraud
|
393 |
iii. Insolvency and succession
|
393 |
iv. Cultural heritage
|
393 |
e. Renvoi
|
395 |
5. Intangible property
|
396 |
a. Assignment of debts
|
396 |
i. Introduction
|
396 |
ii. Possible applicable laws to determine property issues
|
398 |
1. Situs of intangible property
|
398 |
2. Law of the contract of assignment
|
399 |
3. Law of the contract between the debtor and creditor
|
400 |
iii. Capacity to assign or take an assignment
|
400 |
iv. Article 14 of the Rome I Regulation
|
401 |
1. Application: contract or property?
|
401 |
2. Article 14(1)
|
402 |
3. Article 14(2)
|
403 |
v. Priority and security interests
|
404 |
vi. Set off
|
405 |
b. Reform
|
405 |
6. Involuntary transfers
|
405 |
a. Nationalisation or requisition of tangible property
|
405 |
i. Where the property is in England
|
405 |
ii. Where the property is in the foreign country
|
406 |
b. Expropriation of intangible property
|
408 |
c. Third party debt orders
|
409 |
13 Avoiding the results of the choice of law process
|
412 |
1. Introduction
|
412 |
2. Substance and procedure
|
412 |
a. Evidence
|
413 |
b. Limitation of actions
|
416 |
c. Remedies
|
417 |
d. Damages
|
418 |
e. Interest on damages and currency of damages
|
420 |
f. Priorities and set-off
|
421 |
g. Parties
|
422 |
3. Renvoi
|
423 |
4. Public policy
|
424 |
a. Penal laws
|
425 |
b. Revenue laws
|
428 |
c. Public laws
|
429 |
d. Laws which grossly infringe human rights
|
431 |
e. Laws which fundamentally breach public international law
|
431 |
f. Laws which infringe basic principles of justice or morality
|
432 |
g. Contracts contrary to public policy
|
432 |
5. Unilateral choice of law rules
|
433 |
6. Mandatory rules
|
434 |
Index
|
435 |