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Commodity Derivatives: Markets and Applications, 2nd Edition

Commodity Derivatives: Markets and Applications, 2nd Edition

  • Author:
  • Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
  • ISBN: 9781119349105
  • Published In: May 2021
  • Format: Hardback , 336 pages
  • Jurisdiction: International or US ? Disclaimer:
    Countri(es) stated herein are used as reference only

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    Commodity Derivatives

    In the newly revised Second Edition of Commodity Derivatives: Markets and Applications, expert trading educator and author Neil Schofield delivers a comprehensive overview of a wide variety of commodities and derivatives. Beginning with discussions of commodity markets generally before moving on to derivative valuation and risk management, the author then dives into individual commodity markets, like gold, base metals, crude oil, natural gas, electricity, and more.

    Schofield relies on his extensive experience at Barclays Investment Bank to offer readers detailed examinations of commodity finance and the use of commodities within a wider investment portfolio.

    The second edition includes discussions of critical new topics like dual curve swap valuation, option valuation within a negative price environment using the Bachelier model, volatility skews, smiles, smirks, term structures for major commodities, and more. You’ll find case studies on corporate failures linked to improper commodity risk management, as well as explorations of issues like the impact of growing interest in electric vehicles on commodity markets.

    The text of the original edition has been updated and expanded and new example transactions are included to help the reader understand the concepts discussed within. Each chapter follows a uniform structure, with typical demand and supply patterns following a non-­technical description of the commodity at issue. Discussions of the physical markets in each commodity and the main exchange-traded and over-the-counter products conclude each chapter.

    Perfect for commodity and derivatives traders, analysts, and risk managers, the Second Edition of Commodity Derivatives: Markets and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of students and academics studying finance and the graduate intake in financial institutions.

    A one-stop resource for the main commodity markets and their associated derivatives

    Finance professionals seeking a single volume that fully describes the major commodity markets and their derivatives will find everything they need in the latest edition of Commodity Derivatives: Markets and Applications. Former Global Head of Financial Markets Training at Barclays Investment Bank Neil Schofield delivers a rigorous and authoritative reference on a crucial, but often overlooked, subject.

    Completely revised and greatly expanded, the Second Edition of this essential text offers finance professionals and students coverage on every major class of commodities, including gold, steel, ethanol, crude oil, and more. You’ll also find discussions of derivative valuation, risk management, commodity finance, and the use of commodities within an investment portfolio.

    Non-technical descriptions of major commodity classes ensure the material is accessible to everyone while still in-depth and rigorous enough to deliver key information on an area central to global finance.

    Ideal for students and academics in finance, Commodity Derivatives is an indispensable guide for commodity and derivatives traders, analysts, and risk managers who seek a one-volume resource on foundational and advanced topics in commodity markets and their associated derivatives.

  • Preface.

    Acknowledgements.

    About the Author.

    1 An Introduction to Derivative Products.

    1.1 Forwards and futures.

    1.2 Swaps.

    1.3 Options.

    1.4 Derivative pricing.

    1.4.1 Relative Value.

    1.5 The spot–forward relationship.

    1.5.1 Deriving forward prices: market in contango.

    1.5.2 Deriving forward prices: market in backwardation.

    1.6 The spot–forward–swap relationship.

    1.7 The spot–forward–option relationship.

    1.8 Put–call parity: a key relationship.

    1.9 Sources of value in a hedge.

    1.10 Measures of option risk management.

    1.10.1 Delta.

    1.10.2 Gamma.

    1.10.3 Theta.

    1.10.4 Vega.

    2 Risk Management.

    2.1 Categories of risk.

    2.1.1 Defining risk.

    2.1.2 Credit risk.

    2.2 Commodity market participants: the time dimension.

    2.2.1 Short-dated maturities.

    2.2.2 Medium-dated maturities.

    2.2.3 Longer-dated exposures.

    2.3 Hedging corporate risk exposures.

    2.4 A framework for analysing corporate risk.

    2.4.1 Strategic considerations.

    2.4.2 Tactical considerations.

    2.5 Bank risk management.

    2.6 Hedging customer exposures.

    2.6.1 Forward risk management.

    2.6.2 Swap risk management.

    2.6.3 Option risk management.

    2.6.4 Correlation risk management.

    2.7 View-driven exposures.

    2.7.1 Spot-trading strategies.

    2.7.2 Forward trading strategies.

    2.7.3 Single period physically settled "swaps."

    2.7.4 Single or multi-period financially settled swaps.

    2.7.5 Option-based trades: trading volatility.

    3 Gold.

    3.1 The market for gold.

    3.1.1 Physical Supply Chain.

    3.1.2 Financial Institutions.

    3.1.3 The London gold market.

    3.1.4 The price of gold.

    3.1.5 Fixing the price of gold.

    3.2 Gold price drivers.

    3.2.1 The supply of gold.

    3.2.2 Demand for gold.

    3.2.3 The Chinese effect.

    3.3 The gold leasing market.

    3.4 Applications of derivatives.

    3.4.1 Producer strategies.

    3.4.2 Central Bank strategies.

    4 Base Metals.

    4.1 Base metal production.

    4.2 Aluminium.

    4.3 Copper.

    4.4 London metal exchange.

    4.4.1 Exchange-traded metal futures.

    4.4.2 Exchange-traded metal options.

    4.4.3 Contract specification.

    4.4.4 Trading.

    4.4.5 Clearing.

    4.4.6 Delivery.

    4.5 Price drivers.

    4.6 Structure of market prices.

    4.6.1 Description of the forward curve.

    4.6.2 Are forward prices predictors of future spot prices?

    4.7 Applications of derivatives.

    4.7.1 Hedges for aluminium consumers in the automotive sector.

    4.8 Forward purchase.

    4.8.1 Borrowing and lending in the base metal market.

    4.9 Vanilla option strategies.

    4.9.1 Synthetic long put.

    4.9.2 Selling options to enhance the forward purchase price.

    4.9.3 "Three way."

    4.9.4 Min–max.

    4.9.5 Ratio min–max.

    4.9.6 Enhanced risk reversal.

    4.10 Structured option solutions.

    4.10.1 Knock-out forwards.

    4.10.2 Forward plus.

    4.10.3 Bonus forward.

    4.10.4 Basket options.

    5 Crude Oil.

    5.1 The value of crude oil.

    5.1.1 Basic chemistry of oil.

    5.1.2 Density.

    5.1.3 Sulphur content.

    5.1.4 Flow properties.

    5.1.5 Other chemical properties.

    5.1.6 Examples of crude oil.

    5.2 An overview of the physical supply chain.

    5.3 Refining crude oil.

    5.3.1 Applications of refined products.

    5.4 The demand and supply for crude oil.

    5.4.1 Proved oil reserves.

    5.4.2 R/P ratio.

    5.4.3 Production of crude oil.

    5.4.4 Consumption of crude oil.

    5.4.5 Demand for refined products.

    5.4.6 Oil refining capacity.

    5.4.7 Crude oil imports and exports.

    5.4.8 Security of supply.

    5.5 Price drivers.

    5.5.1 Macroeconomic issues.

    5.5.2 Supply chain considerations.

    5.5.3 Geopolitics.

    5.5.4 Analysing the forward curves.

    5.6 The price of crude oil.

    5.6.1 Defining price.

    5.6.2 The evolution of crude oil prices.

    5.6.3 Delivered price.

    5.6.4 Marker crudes.

    5.6.5 Pricing sources.

    5.6.6 Pricing methods.

    5.6.7 The term structure of oil prices.

    5.7 Trading crude oil and refined products.

    5.7.1 Overview.

    5.7.2 North Sea oil.

    5.7.3 US crude oil markets.

    5.8 Managing price risk along the supply chain.

    5.8.1 Producer hedges.

    5.8.2 Refiner hedges.

    5.8.3 Consumer hedges.

    6 Natural Gas.

    6.1 How natural gas is formed.

    6.2 Measuring natural gas.

    6.3 The physical supply chain.

    6.3.1 Production.

    6.3.2 Shippers.

    6.3.3 Transmission.

    6.3.4 Interconnectors.

    6.3.5 Storage.

    6.3.6 Supply.

    6.3.7 Customers.

    6.3.8 Financial institutions.

    6.4 Deregulation and re-regulation.

    6.4.1 The US experience.

    6.4.2 The UK experience.

    6.4.3 Continental European deregulation.

    6.5 The demand and supply for gas.

    6.5.1 Relative importance of natural gas.

    6.5.2 Consumption of natural gas.

    6.5.3 Reserves of natural gas.

    6.5.4 Production of natural gas.

    6.5.5 Reserve to production ratio.

    6.5.6 Exporting natural gas.

    6.5.7 Liquefied natural gas.

    6.6 Gas price drivers.

    6.6.1 Definitions of price.

    6.6.2 Supply side price drivers.

    6.6.3 Demand side price drivers.

    6.6.4 The price of oil.

    6.7 Trading physical natural gas.

    6.7.1 Motivations for trading natural gas.

    6.7.2 Trading locations.

    6.7.3 Delivery points.

    6.8 Natural gas derivatives.

    6.8.1 Trading natural gas in the UK.

    6.8.2 On-the-day commodity market.

    6.8.3 Exchange-traded futures contracts.

    6.8.4 Applications of exchange-traded futures.

    6.8.5 Over-the-counter natural gas transactions.

    6.8.6 Financial/Cash-settled transactions.

    7 Electricity.

    7.1 What is electricity?

    7.1.1 Conversion of energy sources to electricity.

    7.1.2 Primary sources of energy.

    7.1.3 Commercial production of electricity.

    7.1.4 Measuring electricity.

    7.2 The physical supply chain.

    7.3 Price drivers of electricity.

    7.3.1 Regulation.

    7.3.2 Demand for electricity.

    7.3.3 Supply of electricity.

    7.3.4 Factors influencing spot and forward prices.

    7.3.5 Spark and dark spreads.

    7.4 Trading electricity.

    7.4.1 Overview.

    7.4.2 Markets for trading.

    7.4.3 Motivations for trading.

    7.4.4 Traded volumes: spot markets.

    7.4.5 Traded volumes: forward markets.

    7.5 Nord pool.

    7.5.1 The spot market: Elspot.

    7.5.2 Post spot: the balancing market.

    7.5.3 The financial market.

    7.5.4 Real-time operations.

    7.6 United states of america.

    7.6.1 Independent System Operators.

    7.6.2 Wholesale markets in the USA.

    7.7 United kingdom.

    7.7.1 Neta.

    7.7.2 UK trading conventions.

    7.7.3 Load shapes.

    7.7.4 Examples of traded products.

    7.7.5 Contract volumes.

    7.7.6 Contract prices and valuations.

    7.8 Electricity derivatives.

    7.8.1 Electricity forwards.

    7.8.2 Electricity Swaps.

    8 Plastics.

    8.1 The chemistry of plastic.

    8.2 The production of plastic.

    8.3 Monomer production.

    8.3.1 Crude oil.

    8.3.2 Natural gas.

    8.4 Polymerisation.

    8.5 Applications of plastics.

    8.6 Summary of the plastics supply chain.

    8.7 Plastic price drivers.

    8.8 Applications of derivatives.

    8.9 Roles of the futures exchange.

    8.9.1 Pricing commercial contracts.

    8.9.2 Hedging instruments.

    8.9.3 Source of supply/disposal of inventory.

    8.10 Option strategies.

    9 Coal.

    9.1 The basics of coal.

    9.2 The demand for and supply of coal.

    9.3 Physical supply chain.

    9.3.1 Production.

    9.3.2 Main participants.

    9.4 The price of coal.

    9.5 Factors affecting the price of coal.

    9.6 Coal derivatives.

    9.6.1 Exchange-traded futures.

    9.6.2 Over-the-counter solutions.

    10 Emissions Trading.

    10.1 The science of global warming.

    10.1.1 Greenhouse gases.

    10.1.2 The carbon cycle.

    10.1.3 Feedback loops.

    10.2 The consequences of global warming.

    10.2.1 The Stern Report.

    10.2.2 Fourth assessment report of the IPCC.

    10.3 The argument against climate change.

    10.4 History of human action against climate change.

    10.4.1 Formation of the IPCC.

    10.4.2 The Earth Summit.

    10.4.3 The Kyoto Protocol.

    10.4.4 From Kyoto to Marrakech and beyond.

    10.5 Price drivers for emissions markets.

    10.6 The EU emissions trading scheme.

    10.6.1 Background.

    10.6.2 How the scheme works.

    10.6.3 Registries and logs.

    10.6.4 National Allocation Plans (NAPs).

    10.7 Emission derivatives.

    11 Agricultural Commodities and Biofuels.

    11.1 Agricultural markets.

    11.1.1 Physical supply chain.

    11.1.2 Sugar.

    11.1.3 Wheat.

    11.1.4 Corn.

    11.2 Ethanol.

    11.2.1 What is ethanol?

    11.2.2 History of ethanol.

    11.3 Price drivers.

    11.3.1 Weather.

    11.3.2 Substitution.

    11.3.3 Investor activity.

    11.3.4 Current levels of inventory.

    11.3.5 Protectionism.

    11.3.6 Health.

    11.3.7 Industrialising countries.

    11.3.8 Elasticity of supply.

    11.3.9 Genetic modification.

    11.4 Exchange-traded agricultural and ethanol derivatives.

    11.5 Over-the-counter agricultural derivatives.

    12 Commodities Within an Investment Portfolio.

    12.1 Investor profile.

    12.2 Benefits of commodities within a portfolio.

    12.2.1 Return enhancement and diversification.

    12.2.2 Asset allocation.

    12.2.3 Inflation hedge.

    12.2.4 Hedge against the US dollar.

    12.3 Methods of investing in commodities.

    12.3.1 Advantages and disadvantages.

    12.4 Commodity indices.

    12.4.1 Explaining the roll yield.

    12.5 Total return swaps.

    12.6 Structured investments.

    12.6.1 Gold-linked notes.

    12.6.2 Capital guaranteed structures.

    12.6.3 Combination structures.

    12.6.4 Non-combination structures.

    12.6.5 Collateralised Commodity Obligations.

    12.7 Analysing investment structures.

    Glossary.

    Notes.

    Bibliography.

    Index.

  • Neil C. Schofield is currently the head of Financial Markets Training at Barclays Capital, where he has global responsibility for all aspects of the bank’s product-related training. As part of the job, he regularly delivers training on a wide range of subjects in commodities, fixed income, equity, foreign exchange and credit.
    Prior to joining Barclays, he was a director at Chisholm Roth, a financial training company, where he delivered seminars to a blue-chip client base around the world. He has also worked in a training capacity for Chase Manhattan bank from 1988 to 1997. The author was appointed as a visiting fellow at ICMA Centre, Reading University, England in April 2007.

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