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Drink- and Drug-Drive Case Notes 4th Edition

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Drink- and Drug-Drive Case Notes 4th Edition

Name: Drink- and Drug-Drive Case Notes 4th Edition
Brand: Wildy, Simmonds and Hill Publishing
SKU: 9780854903092
Price: 1625.00 HKD
Availability: InStock
Author: P. M. Callow
ISBN: 9780854903092

By P. M. Callow

Wildy, Simmonds and Hill Publishing July 2025

Specifications

ISBN-13: 9780854903092
Publisher: Wildy, Simmonds and Hill Publishing
Publication: July 2025
Format: Hardback
Jurisdiction: U.K. ? Countri(es) for reference only

Details

"this book is extremely useful when defending or prosecuting cases involving drink or drug driving.” Law Society Gazette (from review of 3rd edition).

Drink- and Drug- Drive Case Notes comprises summaries of the many cases on the drink- and drug- driving offences which have come before the higher courts. Over 600 judgments are summarised. Each note is presented as a headnote summarising the ratio of the case, a short statement of the facts, the issue(s) in the appeal and an extract from the judgment. The notes are intended to provide a broad outline of the trends in the case law and as starting points for readers seeking guidance on particular points.

The work is divided into chapters which follow, broadly, the stages in an investigation: the requirement to provide specimens of breath, blood or urine; the offence of failing without reasonable excuse to cooperate or to provide specimens; challenges to the breath testing and breath analysis devices; the “statutory assumption” that the proportion of alcohol or a drug at the time of the offence was not less than in the specimen; evidence, including issues such as the admissibility of the printout from the breath analysis device and of the contemporaneous records of the procedure completed by the investigating officer; the discretion under PACE to admit or exclude evidence; definitions, notably of “public place”; defences, including no likelihood of driving while over the limit; special reasons for not disqualifying; and a host of procedural issues, featuring the courts’ insistence on compliance with the Criminal Procedure Rules.

This fourth edition includes notes of over fifty cases decided since the third edition was published. Themes running through the new cases include the availability of judicial review as a means of challenge, case management, the appropriateness of adjournments and preparedness for trial. Longer-standing issues have also been re-visited: the disclosure of records, consulting the forms completed during the investigation to refresh memory at trial, the discretion to admit or exclude evidence and burdens of proof.

Preface

Table of Cases

Table of Legislation

1 THE REQUIREMENT TO PROVIDE SPECIMENS'

1. The Arrest

R v Fox, Fox v Chief Constable of Gwent; Gull v Scarborough; Hartland v Alden; DPP v Kay (John); DPP v Porter (Paul Nicholas); DPP v Robertson (Steven Gary); DPP v Wilson; R (CPS) v Wolverhampton Magistrates’ Court; Kohler v DPP

2. Random Stopping of Vehicles

Chief Constable of Gwent v Dash; DPP v Minton

3. Reasonable Suspicion and Reasonable Belief

Johnson v Whitehouse; Blake v Pope; DPP v Redling; DPP v McGladrigan; Whelehan v DPP; Grant v DPP

4. Trespass

Morris v Beardmore; Clarke v DPP

5. In the Course of an Investigation

Graham v Albert; Pearson v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis; Hawes v DPP; R v South Norfolk JJ ex p Keymer; DPP v Earnshaw (Neil Graham)

6. Medical Reasons why Breath Specimens cannot be Provided or should not be Required

Horrocks v Binns; White & Gaskell v Proudlock; Dempsey v Catton; Davis (Paul) v DPP; Davies (Gordon Edward) v DPP; Webb v DPP; Young (Paula) v DPP; Francis v DPP; Steadman v DPP; Bodhaniya v CPS

7. Breath Analysis Device Unreliable, Unavailable, or not Practicable to Use

Cotter v Kamil; Slender v Boothby; Morgan v Lee; Waite v Smith; Dye v Manns; Thompson v Thynne; Oxford v Baxendale; Chief Constable of Avon & Somerset v Kelliher; Chief Constable of Kent v Berry; Haghigat-Khou v Chambers; Stokes v Sayers; Tobi v Nicholas; Badkin v DPP; Denny v DPP; Dixon v Yardley; Wootton v DPP; Rathbone v DPP; Jarvis v DPP; Hague v DPP; Evans (Cyril) v DPP; Slasor v DPP; Bobin v DPP; Kneale v DPP; Kelsey v DPP

8. Device Having Produced Unreliable Indication

DPP v Smith (Robert James); Hussain v DPP; McNeil v DPP; Taylor v DPP; DPP v Vince; Kang v DPP

9. Driver’s Condition Due to Some Drug

Cole v DPP; Bell v DPP; Angel v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire; Watling v Chief Constable of Suffolk Constabulary and G4S Health Service (UK) Ltd; Twigg v R

10. The Procedure

DPP v Carey; Chief Constable of Avon & Somerset v Singh; Murray v DPP; DPP v Warren; DPP v Garrett; DPP v Palmer (Carlton Lloyd); DPP v Ward (Andrew Stuart); DPP v Jackson; Stanley v DPP; Maudling v DPP; Clayton v DPP; Burke v DPP; Cawley (Stephen) v DPP; Beatrice v DPP; DPP v Coulter; R v Bryan; R (Cox) v DPP; Bielecki v DPP

11. Medical Reasons why a Blood Specimen cannot or should not be Taken

Grix v Chief Constable of Kent; Wade v DPP; DPP v Wythe; DPP v Gibbons (Stuart Michael); Kinsella v DPP; Joseph v DPP

12. Hospital Patients

Askew v DPP; Whelan v DPP; R v Burton upon Trent JJ ex p Woolley; Webber v DPP; Butler (Michael Joseph) v DPP; Whitfield v DPP; Townson v DPP; DPP v Tandey

13. Repeat Requirements and Multiple Specimens

Blake v Bickmore; Sparrow v Bradley; Howard v Hallett; Owen v Morgan; Chief Constable of Avon & Somerset v Creech; Nugent v Ridley; Durdan v Chief Officer, Metropolitan Police; Morrison (Trevor) v DPP; Stewart (John Kimball) v DPP; Edmond v DPP

14. Urine Specimens

Wyllie v CPS; Barnes v Chief Constable of Durham; DPP v Taylor (Graham)

2 SPECIMENS FOR LABORATORY TESTING

1. Taking Specimens: Blood

Russell v Devine; Afolayan v CPS

2. Taking Specimens: Urine

Ross v Hodges; R v Coward; Prosser v Dickeson; Over v Musker; DPP v Baldwin (Alistair); Ryder v CPS

3. Dividing the Specimen and Supplying Part

Perry v McGovern; Dear v DPP; Butler v DPP; DPP v Elstob; DPP v Snook; Johnson (Antony Harold) v DPP; Mokhra v DPP; DPP v Higgins (Adam Scott); Campbell v DPP; Jones (Elaine) v CPS; O’Connell v DPP; Lidington v DPP; Blyth v CPS (Essex)

4. Analysis Techniques and Procedures

R v Coomaraswamy; Lomas v Bowler; Sophocleous v Ringer; Stephenson v Clift; Yhnell v DPP; R v Bolton Magistrates’ Court ex p Scally and Other Cases; Gregory v DPP; Byrne (Simon David) v DPP; Dhaliwal v DPP; Carter v DPP; R v Bravender; R v Ward (Anderson Charles); R v Senior

5. The Analyst

Stevens v DPP; CPS v Sedgemoor Justices

6. The 6 mg Allowance

Walker v Hodgins; Oswald v DPP; DPP v Perkins; DPP v Welsh (Eric Thomas)

7. Back-Calculations

Gumbley v Cunningham; Benham v DPP; R v Hodnitt

8. Certificates

Anderton v Kinnard; Penman v Parker; Hawkins v DPP; Ramsey (Jennifer) v DPP; Louis v DPP; Whyte v DPP; Wooldridge v DPP; Jeffreys v Director of Public Prosecutions; DPP v Stephens; Brett v DPP; Clarke v CPS

9. The Provenance of the Specimen

Tremlett v Fawcett; Gregson v DPP; McGinty v DPP; Rawal (Sushil) v DPP; Mills v DPP

3 FAILING WITHOUT REASONABLE EXCUSE TO COOPERATE OR TO PROVIDE SPECIMENS

1. The Meaning of “Failing”

Smith v Hand; Campbell v DPP; DPP v Shuker; Smyth v DPP; Hingley-Smith v DPP; DPP v Lawrence (Scott James); May v DPP; DPP v Swan; Plackett v DPP

2. The Sufficiency of the Specimen

Teape v Godfrey; Anderton v Waring; DPP v Heywood; Chand v DPP; DPP v Chand; DPP v Darwen; Rweikiza v DPP

3. Single Specimen Provided

Stepniewski v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis; Oldfield v Anderton; Sykes v DPP; DPP v Byrne (David Stephen); DPP v Thomas (Elwyn Kenneth); DPP v Radford

4. Time for Providing Specime n

Cosgrove v DPP; Walters (Julian) v DPP; Oberoi (Yash) v DPP; Robertson (Eric) v DPP

5. Whether Requirement Made under Section 6 or Section 7

DPP v Karamouzis

6. Causing Death by Careless Driving Having Failed to Provide

R v Coe (Christopher Steven)

4 REASONABLE EXCUSE

1. The Burden of Proof

Neale v DPP; DPP v Crofton; McKeon v DPP; Piggott v DPP; R (Cuns) v Hammersmith Magistrates’ Court

2. Conditional Agreement

DPP v Billington; Chappell v DPP; DPP v Rumble; Corywright v East; DPP v Whalley; DPP v Kirk; DPP v Smith (Alan Robert)

3. Medical Reasons

R v Lennard; R v Harding; Woolman v Lenton; DPP v Boden; DPP v Judge; DPP v Daley; DPP v Curtis; DPP v Szarzynski; DPP v Hammond; DPP v Furby; Falzarano v DPP; DPP v Lonsdale; McMahon v CPS; Martiner v DPP; DPP v Mukandiwa; Pattison v DPP; Oladimeji v DPP; Longstaff v DPP; Atkinson v DPP

4. “Trying Hard”

Grady v Pollard; DPP v Eddowes; DPP v Ambrose

5. Other Reasonable Excuse Arguments

R v John; Beck v Sager; McGrath v Vipas; Dawes v Taylor; Spalding v Paine; Foster v Bentley; Ke'mp v Chief Constable of Kent; DPP v Fountain; Smith (Nicholas Paul) v DPP; Dickinson v DPP; DPP v Beech DPP v Pearman; De Freitas v DPP; DPP v Brodzky; DPP v Coyle; DPP v Meller; DPP v Grundy; DPP v Camp

5 CHALLENGING THE BREATH TESTING AND BREATH ANALYSIS DEVICES

1. Type Approval

Bentley v Northumbria Police; Hayward v Eames; Kirkpatrick v Harrigan; Chief Constable of Northumbria v Browne; Young v Flint; Richardson v DPP; Kemsley v DPP; Skinner v DPP; Breckon v DPP; Rose v DPP; Coxon v Manchester City Magistrates’ Court

2. The Amount Said to Have Been Consumed

Cracknell v Willis; DPP v Hill; Lafferty v DPP; DPP v Spurrier; Williams (John Robert) v DPP; Santos v Stratford Magistrates Court; CPS v Cipriani; R (Hassani) v West London Magistrates’ Court

3. Calibration

R v Kingston upon Thames JJ ex p Khanna; R v Ealing JJ ex p Wheeler; Mayon v DPP; DPP v Parkin; DPP v Deveney; Prince v CPS; DPP v Schon; Dunwoodie v DPP; Derham v DPP; Melia v DPP; Gibson v DPP; Mercer v DPP; Haggis v DPP

4. The Date and Time

Fawcett v Gasparics; Parker v DPP; DPP v McKeown, DPP v Jones (Christopher); DPP v Bateson

5. Mobile Telephones and Radios

Scheiner v DPP

6. Mouth Alcoho l

DPP v Browne; DPP v Teixeira; O’Sullivan v DPP

7. Positive Breath Analysis followed by Negative Screening Test

Snelson v Thompson; Parish v CPS

8. The Printout

Burditt v Roberts; Reid (Sheena) v DPP; DPP v Barber (David Anthony)

9. The Burden of Proof

O’Sullivan (Sarah) v DPP; Ali v DPP

6 THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE PROPORTION OF ALCOHOL OR A DRUG AT THE TIME OF THE OFFENCE WAS NOT LESS THAN IN THE SPECIMEN

1. The Statutory Assumption

Beauchamp-Thompson v DPP; DPP v Williams; Millard v DPP; Parker (Lee Christopher) v DPP; Griffiths (Richard Stephen) v DPP

2. Consuming Alcohol after Ceasing to Drive

Thynne v Hindle; R v Newcastle upon Tyne JJ ex p Hindle; Dawson v Lunn; Lloyd v Knight; Rynsard v Spalding; Oxford v Fairhurst; DPP v Singh; DPP v Lowden; R v Wells Street JJ ex p Hobbs; DPP v Sangha; DPP v Ward (Kevin William); R v Drummond; Lonergan v DPP; DPP v Chambers; DPP v Ellery; DPP v Tooze; DPP v Bolton; DPP v Dukolli; Goldsmith v DPP; DPP v Ridings

7 EVIDENCE

1. The Printout

Gaimster v Marlow; Chief Constable of Surrey v Wickens; Walton v Rimmer; R v Tower Bridge Magistrates’ Court ex p DPP; Hasler v DPP; Leeson v Haringey JJ and DPP; McCormack v DPP; Jubb v DPP; Hawke v DPP; R (Olajide) v Stratford Magistrates’ Court;

2. Admissibility of a Reading from a Preliminary Breath Test

Smith (Stephen John Henry) v DPP;

3. The Record of the Procedure

R v Pydar JJ ex p Foster; Williams v DPP

4. The Discretion to Admit or Exclude Evidence: Unfairness

DPP v Godwin; Hudson v DPP; Daniels v DPP; Brown (Kevin Mark) v DPP; Worsley v DPP; DPP v MacPhail; Prouse v DPP; Ortega v DPP; Porceddu v DPP; Harper v DPP; Davis (Karl) v DPP; DPP v Davies; R (DPP) v Evans (Brychan Gethin John); DPP v Preston; Watson v DPP; DPP v Kennedy; R (Forde) v DPP; DPP v Carless; R (Marsh (Ian)) v DPP; Charles v DPP; Moore v Preston Crown Court; Stanesby v DPP; R v Ashworth; Miller v DPP

5. Legal Advice

Campbell v DPP; Kennedy v CPS; Myles v DPP; Kirkup v DPP; Whitley v DPP; CPS v Rice; Causey v DPP; Gearing v DPP; Cowper v DPP; CPS v Chalupa; Ambrose v Harris; HM Advocate v M; HM Advocate v G; Thomas (William Morgan) v DPP

6. Hearsay

Watson v DPP

7. Bad Faith

Matto v Wolverhampton Crown Court; Thomas (Frank George) v DPP; DPP v Wilson; Ogden v DPP; Sharpe v DPP; R v Dolgellau JJ ex p Cartledge; R v Penrith JJ ex p Marks; Braham v DPP; DPP v Corthine

8. Oral Evidence

Culleton v Palmer; Owen v Chesters; Chief Constable of Kent v Ellis; Mace v Dean; Will v DPP; Thom v DPP; Greenaway v DPP; Van Flute v DPP; Perkins v DPP; Leong v DPP; Cummings v CPS; DPP v Sugden

9. Evidence of Unfitness to Drive

Leetham v DPP; Hurst v DPP; Willicott v DPP; R v Irvine; R v Mohamed (Ahmed)

10. Evidence of Careless Driving

R v Millington

11. Witness Summonses and Disclosure

R v Coventry Magistrates’ Court ex p Perks; R v Skegness Magistrates’ Court ex p Cardy; R v Manchester Crown Court ex p Williams; R v Teesside JJ ex p Payne; R v Kingston-upon-Hull JJ ex p Walton; R v Pirehill North JJ ex p Stoddard; R v Tower Bridge Magistrates’ Court ex p DPP; Fearnley v DPP; DPP v Wood; DPP v McGillicuddy; R (Cunliffe) v West London Magistrates’ Court; R (Cunliffe) v Ealing Magistrates’ Court; R (Cunliffe) v Hastings Magistrates’ Court; Rothon v DPP

12. Late Evidence

Writtle v DPP

8 DEFINITIONS

1. Attempting to Drive

R v Farrance; Kelly v Hogan; Mason v DPP; Moore v DPP

2. Breath

Zafar v DPP; Woolfe v DPP

3. Consuming

DPP v Johnson (David)

4. Conviction

DPP v Haddigan

5. Driving

R v MacDonagh; Rowan v Chief Constable of the Merseyside Police; McKoen v Ellis; Gunnell v DPP; DPP v Alderton

6. Drug

Bradford v Wilson; R v Ealing Magistrates’ Court ex p Woodman; R v Norman

7. In Charge

DPP v Webb; DPP v Watkins; DPP v Janman; CPS v Bate

8. Interview

CPS v O’Shea; DPP v Rous and Davis; R (Ridehalgh) v DPP; Sneyd v DPP

9. Motor Vehicle

Croitoru v CPS

10. Public Place

Bowman v DPP; DPP v Vivier; DPP v Coulman; Edwards v DPP; R v Colchester JJ ex p Wood; Robinson v DPP; Taussik v DPP; Planton v DPP; DPP v Lloyd (David Michael); R (Lewis) v DPP; Cowan v DPP; Scott Richardson v DPP

11. Road

Lang v Hindhaugh; Brewer v DPP; R (Dunmill) v DPP; Hallett v DPP; Avery v DPP

9 DEFENCES

1. Autrefois Acquit

Broadbent v High; DPP v Porthouse; R v Truro & South Powder JJ ex p McCullagh; Williams (Alan Davies) v DPP

2. Consuming Alcohol after Ceasing to Drive

3. Duress/Necessity

DPP v Jones (Jeremy); DPP v Bell (Derek); DPP v Davis; DPP v Pittaway; DPP v Rogers; DPP v Tomkinson; DPP v Hicks; DPP v Mullally; CPS v Brown (Christopher); Stevens v DPP

4. Insanity

R v Birmingham JJ ex p Jacobs; DPP v Harper; R v Norman

5. No Likelihood of Driving

DPP v Frost; Drake v DPP; Sheldrake v DPP; Attorney General’s Reference (No 4 of 2002); CPS v Thompson

10 SPECIAL REASONS

1. The Meaning of “Special”

Whittall v Kirby; Chatters v Burke

2. Emergencies

Taylor v Rajan; Fraser v Barton; Thompson v Diamond; Williams v Tierney; DPP v Waller; DPP v Sendell;

DPP v Feeney; DPP v Knight; DPP v Doyle; DPP v Upchurch; DPP v Bird; DPP v Enston; DPP v Whittle; DPP v Cox; DPP v Bristow; DPP v Tucker; DPP v Goddard; DPP v Ellis; DPP v Ubhi; R (Khan) v DPP; DPP v Heathcote; Key v CPS

3. Laced Drinks

Pugsley v Hunter; Pridige v Gant; Smith v Geraghty; James v Morgan; DPP v Younas; Smith (Ian Philip) v DPP; R v Cambridge Magistrates’ Court ex p Wong; DPP v O’Connor and Other Cases; Woodward (Mark de Maine) v DPP; DPP v Vincent; DPP v Winfield-Grant; Robinson v DPP; DPP v Sharma

4. The Distance Driven and the Degree of Danger

Redmond v Parry; DPP v Thomas (Graham Derek); DPP v Corcoran (Joseph Patrick); DPP v Williams (Shane); Costello v DPP; DPP v Craddock; DPP v Elsender; CPS v Humphries; DPP v Conroy; DPP v Oram; DPP v Harrison; DPP v Cove

5. Unaware of Being over the Limit

DPP v O’Meara; DPP v White; Bryant v DPP; DPP v Jowle; DPP v Anderson (Marilyn); DPP v Wynne

6. Personal Circumstances

Bullen v Keay; DPP v Hyland; DPP v Crawford; DPP v Phillips (Richard Charles)

7. Medical Condition

R v Wickins; R v Jackson; R v Hart; DPP v Williams (Rhys Aubrey)

8. Other Arguments

Lodwick v Brow; Vaughan v Dunn; Bolliston v Gibbons; McCormick v Hitchins; Jane v DPP; DPP v Kinnersley; DPP v Daley (No 2); DPP v Murray (David John); Ng v DPP

9. Exercising the Discretion not to Disqualify/Endorse

R v Ashford and Tenterden Magistrates’ Court ex p Wood; Mayhew v DPP; DPP v Barker; Donahue v DPP; Lane v DPP; Dixon-Watmough v Preston Justices; R v St Alban’s Crown Court ex p O’Donovan

11 OTHER ISSUES

1. Adjournments

Walden v Highbury Corner Magistrates’ Court; Stern v Highbury Corner Magistrates’ Court; Essen v DPP; Filmer v DPP; Williams v DPP; Visvaratnam v Brent Magistrates’ Court; Balogun v DPP; Cherpion v DPP; DPP v Petrie; R (Jenkins) v Hammersmith Magistrates Court; DPP v Woods; Decani v City of London Magistrates’ Court and CPS; Bourne v Scarborough Magistrates’ Court; R (Gatenby) v Newton Ayecliffe (sic) Magistrates’ Court; R (DPP) v Sunderland Magistrates Court and Hanson; R (Kharaghan) v City of London Magistrates and CPS; R (Parashar) v Sunderland Magistrates’ Court and CPS; Saunders v Bristol Magistrates’ Court and CPS

2. The Case Stated

R v City of London JJ ex p Ocansey; R v Warrington JJ ex p Worsley; R v Cheshire JJ ex p Henshaw;

R v Fylde and Wyre JJ ex p Gornall; R (DPP) v Chorley Magistrates’ Court; DPP v Vince; Kang v DPP

3. Judicial Review

R (Clarke) v Ipswich Crown Court; R (Hi) v Willesden Magistrates’ Court and CPS; DPP (Blakeley) v Manchester and Salford Magistrates’ Court; DPP (Whyte) v Manchester and Salford Magistrates’ Court; R (Usman) v Reading Magistrates’ Court; R v Wilson, Walmsley, York & Senior; DPP (Bhusal) v Walsall Magistrates’ Court; DPP (Thaiss) v Lincoln Magistrates’ Court

4. Charges

Thomson v Knights; Jones v Thomas (John Barrie); DPP v Gane; R v Chichester Magistrates’ Court ex p DPP; Butterworth v DPP; R v Bolton JJ ex p Khan (Zafer Alli); DPP (R) v Short; R v Phipps; Crann v CPS

5. Costs

Ho-Shing v CPS

6. Disqualification from Driving

George v DPP; R v Loughborough JJ ex p Smith (Steven); Shaw v DPP and Other Cases; Crampsie v DPP; R (Cawley) v Warrington Crown Court

7. Equivocal Plea

Ankrah v DPP

8. Proof of Driving

Patterson v Charlton; DPP v Williams (Charles Anthony); Brown v Stott (Procurator Fiscal, Dunfermline) and Another; Huntley v DPP; Jones (Vivian Mary) v DPP; Premananthan v CPS

9. Legal Aid

R v Richmond Magistrates’ Court ex p Gawel; R v Gravesham Magistrates’ Court ex p Baker; R v Slough Magistrates’ Court ex p Noble; R v Cheshire JJ ex p Rolt; R (Matara) v Brent Magistrates’ Court; R v Dean Thomas

10. The Magistrates

Owen v Jones; R v Downham Market Magistrates’ Court ex p Nudd; DPP v Quinn; R v Highbury Corner Magistrates’ Court ex p Tann; Huchard v DPP; R v Newcastle upon Tyne Magistrates’ Court ex p Currie; R v Chelmsford Magistrates’ Court ex p Hammond

11. Re-opening the Case

MacDonald v Skelt; R v Aylesbury Crown Court ex p Lait; Jolly (Christopher) v DPP; R v Cook ex p DPP; Steward v DPP; Khatibi v DPP; Malcolm v DPP

12. Reckless Driving ;

Hand v DPP

13. Stay of Proceedings and Abuse of Process

R v Bishop’s Stortford JJ ex p DPP; DPP v Edgar;DPP v Garrety; R (Bozkurt) v Thames Magistrates’ Court; R v Boyd; Hoar-Stevens v Richmond Magistrates’ Court; Christopher Boucher, Interested Party; DPP v Meakin; Ivic v DPP; Murphy (Gerard) v DPP; Roberts v DPP; Morris v DPP; DPP v Spalluto

14. Verdicts

Macphail v DPP; DPP v Chajed; R v Roberts (Samantha Ann)

15. Perverting the Course of Justice by Avoiding Detection

R v Clark (Mark)

APPENDICES

Road Traffic Act 1988, sections 3A to 11

Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988, sections 15, 16, 34, 35

Index

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