Human Rights Law

Freedom of Religion or Belief in the European Convention on Human Rights: A Reappraisal

By Caroline K. Roberts
Coming Soon Cambridge University Press Available October 2026

Specifications

ISBN-13
9781009233675
Publisher
Cambridge University Press
Publication
October 2026
Format
Paperback
Jurisdiction
U.K. ? Countri(es) for reference only

Details

The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion in Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) has become increasingly significant and contested. Through an examination of ECHR Article 9, its drafting history, and the related jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), Caroline K. Roberts challenges the classic approach to this right in the literature. Roberts argues that claims that there is, or should be, a clear binary and hierarchical distinction between the absolutely protected internal realm and the qualified external realm in this right are not founded textually or jurisprudentially. Rather, the primary materials suggest that the internal and external aspects are deeply interrelated, and this is reflected in the ECtHR's nuanced and holistic approach to ECHR Article 9 protection. This comprehensive, rigorous and up-to-date reappraisal of ECHR Article 9 and the related ECtHR jurisprudence will be essential reading for academics and practitioners.

Table of Contents

Introduction

Part I. The Understanding of the Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion in ECHR Article 9:
1. The classic approach in the literature relating to ECHR article 9
2. The text of ECHR article 9 and provisions in related international instruments
3. The ECtHR's 'general principles' concerning ECHR article 9

Part II. The ECtHR's Application of Its 'General Principles' Concerning the Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion in ECHR Article 9:
4. A high degree of forum internum protection under ECHR article 9
5. A low degree of forum internum protection under ECHR article 9
6. A range of forum internum protection under ECHR article 9: manifestations
7. A range of forum internum protection under ECHR article 9: objections

Part III. Reappraising the Understanding of the Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion in ECHR article 9:
8. An alternative approach to ECHR article 9 and the related ECtHR jurisprudence
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
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