International Joint Ventures, 2nd Edition

Australia
Introduction
Structuring a Joint Venture
Financing
Competition Law
Forming the Joint Venture Agreement
Incentives for Joint Venture Partners
Restrictions on Investment by Foreign Joint Ventures
Dispute Resolution
Changes in Law Subsequent to Formation
Double-Taxation Agreements and Impact on a Joint Venture
Protection of Foreign Investors

Bolivia
Introduction 
Alternative Legal Forms of Structuring a Joint Venture 
Governing Law and Language 
Defining the Joint Venture's Scope of Business Activity 
Financing the Joint Venture 
Antitrust and Competition Law 
Formation Agreement 
Procedure for Establishing a Corporate Vehicle 
Incentives Available to Foreign Joint Venture Partners 
Restrictions on Activities of Foreign Joint Partners 
Dispute Resolution 
Impact of Changes in the Law Subsequent to Formation 
Double Taxation Agreements and Impact on Joint Ventures 
Protection of Foreign Investors

Brazil
Introduction 
Structuring a Joint Venture 
Ancillary Documents 
Regulation of Foreign Investment 
Antitrust Regulations 
Dispute Resolution through Arbitration

Bulgaria
Introduction 
Economic Aspects of Joint Ventures 
Legislative Regime for Joint Ventures 
Organizational Forms of Joint Ventures 
Legal Forms of Joint Ventures 
General Recommendations for Joint Venture Activities 
Conclusion

Chile
Introduction 
Forms of Business Organization 
Agreements Not Specifically Governed by Law 
Conclusion

China
Introduction 
Foreign Investment 
Approval Process 
Business Scope 
Capital Structure and Financing 
Assignment, Increase, or Reduction of Capital 
Intellectual Property Protection and Foreign Technology Transfer 
Foreign Exchange 
Planning Import and Export 
Product Liability 
Corporate Organization and Management 
Labor Law 
Land and Property 
Tax Considerations and Incentives 
Duration and Termination 
Dispute Resolution 
Conclusion

Colombia
Introduction 
Alternative Legal Forms in Structuring a Joint Venture 
Aspects that Influence Choice of Legal Form 
Governing Law Number and Language 
Defining the Joint Venture's Scope of Business Activity 
Financing the Joint Venture 
Antitrust Competition Law 
Formation Agreement 
Procedure for Establishing a Corporate Vehicle 
Preparation of Ancillary Documents 
Incentives Available to Foreign Joint Venture Partners 
Restrictions on Activities of Foreign Joint Venture Partners
Dispute Resolution 
Impact of Changes in Law Subsequent to Formation 
Double-Taxation Agreements and Impact on Joint Ventures 
Protection of Foreign Investors

Cyprus
Introduction 
Contractual Joint Venture 
Partnership Joint Venture
Corporate Joint Venture 
European Economic Interest Grouping 
Conclusion

Czech Republic
Introduction 
Essential Legal Documentation 
Corporate Vehicles for a Joint Venture 
Restrictions on Intra-Group Transfer 
Antitrust and Antimonopoly Regulation of Joint Ventures 
Joint Ventures as Prohibited Cartel Agreements 
Conclusion

Denmark
Introduction 
Legal Forms in Structuring a Joint Venture 
Choice of Legal Form 
Establishing a Corporate Vehicle 
Incentives Available to Foreign Joint Venture Partners 
Antitrust and Competition 
Taxation 
Dispute Resolution 
Restrictions on Activities of Foreign Joint Venture Partners 
Protection of Foreign Investors

Dominican Republic
Introduction 
Structuring a Joint Venture 
Scope of the Venture 
Financing the Joint Venture 
Formation Agreement 
Procedure for Establishing a Corporate Vehicle 
Ancillary Documents 
Dispute Resolution 
Changes in the Law Subsequent to Formation 
Double-Taxation Agreements and Treaties for Protection

Greece
Introduction 
Forms of Joint Venture 
Joint Ventures to Construct Public Works 
Termination of a Joint Venture 
Tax Law Issues

Hungary
Introduction 
Alternative Legal Forms in Structuring a Joint Venture 
Choice of Legal Form 
Governing Law and Language 
Scope of Business Activity 
Formation Agreement 
Procedure to Establish a Corporate Vehicle 
Ancillary Documents 
Financing Joint Ventures 
Incentives Available to Foreign Joint Venture Partners 
Protection of Foreign Investors 
Double-Taxation Agreements 
Impact of Changes in Law Subsequent to Formation 
Antitrust and Competition Law 
Insolvency Procedure and Voluntary Dissolution 
Dispute Resolution

India
Introduction 
Types of Joint Ventures 
Joint Venture Agreement 
Government Approvals 
Foreign Technology Transfer
Conclusion

Iran
Introduction 
Structuring Joint Venture
Equity Joint Ventures
Governing Law and Language
Scope of Business Activity
Financing Joint Venture
Antitrust and Competition Law
Formation Agreement 
Establishing Corporate Vehicle 
Preparation of Ancillary Documents
Incentives Available to Foreign Joint Venture Partners
Restrictions on Activities of Foreign Joint Venture Partners
Dispute Resolution
Changes in Law Subsequent to Formation 
Double-Taxation Agreements 
Protection of Foreign Investors

Israel
Introduction 
Alternative Legal Forms in Structuring a Joint Venture 
Choice of Legal Form 
Governing Law and Language 
Scope of Business Activity 
Formation Agreement 
Establishing a Corporate Vehicle
Preparation of Ancillary Documents 
Financing the Joint Venture 
Incentives Available to Foreign Joint Venture Partners 
Trade Agreements 
Taxation in Israel 
Restrictions on Activities of Foreign Joint Venture Partners 
Protection of Foreign Investors 
Impact of Changes in the Law Subsequent to Formation 
Antitrust and Competition Law 
Dispute Resolution

Italy
Introduction 
Joint Venture Agreements and Types of Joint Ventures 
Contractual Joint Ventures 
Joint Venture Corporations and Shareholders' Agreements 
Choice of Applicable Law 
Antitrust Legislation 
Incentives for Foreign Investment 
Dispute Resolution 
Deadlock-Breaking Contractual Provisions 
International Conventions on Double Taxation 
Protection of Foreign Investment 
Conclusion

Japan
Introduction 
Types of Business Organization 
Incorporation of a Stock Company 
Planning the Organization of the Company 
Designing the Organs of the Company 
Designing the Election and Discharge of Directors 
Designing Voting Rights
Accounting and Designing Dividends 
Additional Financing
Restriction on Transfer of Shares
Dispute Resolution 
Termination of Agreement and Winding Up of a Company
Antitrust Law 
Conclusion

Kuwait
Introduction 
Forms of Structuring Joint Ventures 
Aspects Influencing Choice of Legal Form 
Formation Agreement 
Governing Law and Language 
Procedure for Establishing Corporate Vehicles 
Preparation of Ancillary Documents 
Financing a Joint Venture 
Incentives Available to Foreign Joint Venture Partners 
Impact of Changes in Law Subsequent to Formation 
Protection of Foreign Investment 
Dispute Resolution 
Other Considerations 
Conclusion

Latvia
Introduction 
Governing Law 
Legal Forms in Structuring a Joint Venture
Liquidation and Insolvency Proceedings
Disclosure of Beneficial Owners
Scope of Business Activity 
Incentives Available to Foreign Joint Partners
Restriction of Activities of Foreign Investors 
Repatriation of Profit and Protection of Foreign Investors
Dispute Resolution
Double-Taxation Agreements
Conclusion

Lebanon
Introduction 
Legal Forms of Joint Ventures 
Non-Corporate Form of Joint Ventures 
Key Characteristics of Joint Ventures 
Conclusion

Lithuania
Introduction
Structuring a Joint Venture
Competition Law
Formation Agreement
Incentives for Foreign Joint Venture Partners
Restrictions on Foreign Joint Venture Partners
Dispute Resolution
Double-Taxation Agreements
Protection of Foreign Investors

Mexico
Introduction
Structuring a Joint Venture
Antitrust and Competition Law
Incentives Available to Foreign Joint Venturer Partners
Protection of Foreign Investors
Restrictions on Activites of Foreign Joint Venture Partners
Financing the Joint Venture
Formation Agreement
Establishing a Corporate Vehicle
Ancillary Documents
Changes in Law
Double-Taxation Agreements

The Netherlands
Introduction
Structuring a Joint Venture
Incentives Available to Foreign Joint Venture Partners
Restrictions on Activities of Foreign Joint Venture Partners
Dispute Resolution
Changes in Law Subsequent to Formation
Double-Taxation Agreements
Protection of Foreign Investors

Nigeria
Introduction 
Scope of Business Activity 
Choice of Legal Form 
Governing Law and Language 
Financing a Joint Venture 
Formation Agreement and Incentives for Foreign Joint Venture
Partners 
Foreign Participation in Economic Activities in Nigeria 
Taxation 
Changes in Law Subsequent to Formation 
Dispute Resolution

Pakistan
Introduction 
Legal Forms in Structuring a Joint Venture 
Choice of Legal Form 
Joint Venture Agreement 
Ancillary Documents 
Restrictions on Activities of Foreign Joint Venture Partners 
Protection and Encouragement of Foreign Investors 
Antitrust and Competition Law 
Impact of Changes in the Law Subsequent to Formation 
Dispute Resolution

The Philippines
Introduction
Legal Forms in Structuring a Joint Venture
Choice of Legal Form
Governing Law and Language
Scope of Business Activity
Financing the Joint Venture
Competition Law
Formation Agreement
Establishing a Corporate Vehicle
Ancillary Documents
Incentives Available to Foreign Joint Venture Partners
Restrictions on Activities of Foreign Joint Venture Partners
Dispute Resolution
Changes in the Law Suqsequent to Formation
Double-Taxation Agreements
Protection of Foreign Investors

Portugal
Introduction 
Incorporated Joint Ventures 
Unincorporated Joint Ventures 
Exchange Controls 
Investment Controls 
Competition and Antitrust Controls 
Taxation 
Free Zones

Romania
Introduction 
Joint Ventures Regulated by the Commercial Code 
Joint Ventures Regulated by the Company Law 
Joint Ventures under Law Number 178/2010
Conclusion

Russia
Introduction
Legal Forms in Structuring a Joint Venture
Choice of Legal Form
Governing Law and Language
Scope of Business Activities
Financing the Joint Venture
Competition Law
Formation Agreement
Establishing a Corporate Vehicle
Preparation of Ancillary Documents
Incentives Available to Foreign Joint Venture Partners
Restrictions on Activities of Foreign Joint Venture Partners
Dispute Resolution
Changes in Law Subsequent to Formation
Double-Taxation Agreements
Protection of Foreign Investors

Singapore
Introduction
Structuring Joint Venture
Dispute Resolution
Changes in Law Subsequent to Formation
Protection of Foreign Investors and Double-Taxation Agreements
Conclusion
Annex I
Annex II

Switzerland
Introduction
Structuring a Joint Venture
Choice of Legal Form
Governing Law and Language
Scope of Business
FInancing the Joint Venture
Competition Law
Formation Agreement
Establishing a Corporate Vehicle
Incentives for Foreign Joint Venture Partners
Restrictions on Activities of Foreign Joint Venture Partners
Dispute Resolution
Changes in Law Subsequent to Formation
Double-Taxation Agreements
Protection of Foreign Investors

Spain
Introduction
Governing Law and Language
Antitrust and Competition Law
Formation Agreement 
Establishing Corporate Vehicle 
Dispute Resolution
Double-Taxation Agreements
Protection of Foreign Investors
 

Taiwan
Introduction 
Choice of Legal Form in Structuring a Joint Venture 
Formation Agreement 
Preparation of Ancillary Documents 
Establishing a Corporate Vehicle 
Financing the Joint Venture 
Incentives and Protection for Foreign Venture Partners 
Restrictions on Activities of Foreign Joint Venture Partners 
Dispute Resolution 
Antitrust and Competition Law 
Changes in the Law Subsequent to Formation
Conclusion

Trinidad and Tobago
Introduction 
Form of the Joint Venture 
Critical Considerations and Risks 
Taxation 
Ownership and Interests 
Foreign Investment 
Restraint on Competition between Partners 
Organization, Control, and Decision-Making in the Joint Venture 
Joint Ventures with the Government 
Advantageous Impact of Joint Ventures 
Conclusion

Turkey
Introduction 
Choice of Joint Venture or Consortium 
Structuring a Joint Venture 
Financing a Joint Venture 
Transforming a Simple Company into a Commercial Company 
Important Aspects of Foreign Involvement 
Taxation of Joint Ventures 
Antitrust and Competition Law 
Dispute Resolution 
Impact of Changes in the Law Subsequent to Formation 
Conclusion

Ukraine
Development of Foreign Investment Law
Alternative Legal Forms in Structuring a Joint Venture 
Governing Law and Language 
Financing the Joint Venture 
Antitrust and Competition Issues 
Foreign Investment 
Taxation 
Dispute Resolution

United Arab Emirates
Introduction 
Alternative Legal Forms in Structuring a Joint Venture 
Procedure in Establishing a Corporate Vehicle 
Scope of Business Activity 
Formation Agreement 
Language and Governing Law 
Preparation of Ancillary Documents 
Minority Foreign Joint Venture Partner in an LLC 
Financing the Joint Venture 
Incentives Available to Foreign Joint Venture Partners 
Double-Taxation Agreements 
Protection of Foreign Investments 
Antitrust and Competition Law 
Dispute Resolution

United States
Introduction
Joint Venture Risks and Due Diligence
Structuring Joint Venture and Choice of Legal Form
Terminating the Joint Venture
Other Issues
Conclusion

Vietnam
Introduction 
Joint Ventures under the Investment Law 
Defining the Scope of Business 
Essential Documents for a Joint Venture 
Procedure for Establishment of a Joint Venture
Financing a Joint Venture 
Operational Control and Management 
Antitrust and Competition Law 
Accounting and Financial Records 
Post-Established Obligations 
Termination 
Governing Law and Language 
Dispute Resolution
Conversion of Corporate Form 
Incentives for Foreign Parties 
Corporate Income Tax 
Import, Export, and Distribution Rights 
Foreign Exchange 
Conclusion