Key Cases: Evidence

Table of cases 
Preface 
Chapter 1 Introduction 
1.1 The function of judge and jury 
1.2 Classifications and definitions 
Chapter 2 The burden and standard of proof 
2.1 The legal burden in criminal cases: general rule 
2.2 The legal burden in criminal cases: exceptions 
2.3 Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on reverse burdens 
2.4 Evidential burden in criminal cases 
2.5 The legal and evidential burdens in civil cases 
2.6 The standard of proof in criminal cases 
2.7 The standard of proof in civil cases 
Chapter 3 Competence and compellability 
3.1 Competence in criminal cases 
3.2 Compellability in criminal cases 
3.3 Exceptions to the general rule 
3.4 Sworn and unsworn testimony 
3.5 Special measures 
3.6 Competence and compellability in civil cases 
Chapter 4 The Process of Trial 
4.1 Examination-in-chief 
4.2 Previous consistent statements 
4.3 Exceptions to the general rule 
4.4 Evidence of distress 
4.5 Unfavourable and hostile witnesses 
4.6 Cross-examination: criminal cases 
4.7 Previous inconsistent statements 
4.8 Cross-examining police officers on other cases 
4.9 Collateral questions 
4.10 Exceptions to the final rule 
4.11 Evidence of complainants in sexual cases: s 41 YJCEA 1999 
4.12 Cross-examination: civil proceedings 
4.13 Re-examination 
4.14 Jury deliberations 
Chapter 5 Suspect Evidence 
5.1 Corroboration 
5.2 Statutory corroboration required 
5.3 Suspect witnesses: discretionary warnings 
5.4 Identification evidence: pre-trial 
5.5 Identification evidence: safeguards at trial 
Chapter 6 Drawing Adverse Inferences Against the Defendant 
6.1 Silence: Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 
6.2 Disclosure under Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 
6.3 Lies and false alibis 
Chapter 7 Character and Convictions 
7.1 Good character of non-defendants 
7.2 Good character of defendants 
7.3 Bad character evidence: definitions 
7.4 Bad character of non-defendants 
7.5 Bad character of defendants under s101 CJA 2003 
7.6 Bad character evidence in civil proceedings 
7.7 Similar fact evidence in civil cases 
Chapter 8 Hearsay: the rule, exceptions under the Civil Evidence Act 1995 and at common law 
8.1 Hearsay evidence: a rule of exclusion 
8.2 Scope of the hearsay rule 
8.3 Judicial avoidance of the hearsay rule 
8.4 Exceptions to the hearsay rule: the Civil Evidence Act 1995 
8.5 Eexceptions to the hearsay rule at common law 
Chapter 9 Hearsay under Criminal Justice Act 2003 
9.1 The scope of the hearsay rule under CJA 2003 
9.2 Absent witnesses: s116 CJA 2003 
9.3 Business documents: s117 CJA 2003 
9.4 Discretion to exclude: s126 CJA 2003 
Chapter 10 Confessions 
10.1 Defining a confession 
10.2 Admissibility 
10.3 Confession of a co-accused 
10.4 Discretion to exclude an otherwise admissible confession 
10.5 Confessions by the mentally handicapped 
10.6 Facts discovered as a result of an inadmissible confession 
Chapter 11 Evidence obtained by illegal or unfair means 
11.1 The general rule 
11.2 Discretion to exclude at common law 
11.3 Discretion to exclude under s78(1) PACE 1984 
11.4 Entrapment 
Chapter 12 Opinion evidence 
12.1 Admission of opinion evidence not calling for special expertise 
12.2 Expert evidence: criminal cases 
12.3 Expert evidence: civil cases 
12.4 The ultimate issue 
Chapter 13 Privilege and public policy 
13.1 The privilege against self-incrimination 
13.2 Legal professional privilege 
13.3 Exceptions to the privilege 
13.4 'Without prejudice' negotiations 
13.5 Exclusion of evidence on the ground of public policy 
Index