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Contributors
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xiii
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Foreword by Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias
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xxiii
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Preface
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xxv
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Dedication and Acknowledgements
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xxvii
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Introduction
Marie-Claire Cordonier Segger, Frederic Perron-Welch, and Christine Frison
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1
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Development of the Cartagena Protocol
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2
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Sustainable Development Law and the Cartagena Protocol
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6
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Biosafety Becomes Binding
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14
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Part I: Essentials of Biosafety and Sustainable Development Law
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1 Biosafety, the Cartagena Protocol, and Sustainable Development
Kathryn Garforth, Worku Damena Yifru, and Mai Fujii
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19
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Context
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19
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The Cartagena Protocol and the Three Pillars of Sustainable Development
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23
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Conclusion
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33
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2 Implementing Sustainable Development through National Biosafety Frameworks
Christine Frison, Sylvestre-José-Tidiane Manga, and Marie-Claire Cordonier Segger
|
35
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|
The UNEP-GEF Biosafety Project
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37
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|
Providing a Clear and Precise Structure for NBFs and Draft Legislation
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39
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Sustainable Development Aspects of NBFs
|
40
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|
Conclusion
|
47
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|
3 Crafting National Biosafety Regulatory Systems
Gregory Jaffe
|
48
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Components and Characteristics of a Functional and Protective System
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49
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International Obligations Relevant to Biosafety
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54
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Conclusion
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59
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Part II: Sustainable Development Law and Policy on Biosafety
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|
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4 Risk Assessment and Risk Management
Ryan Hill
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63
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The Protocol's Provisions on Risk Assessment and Risk Management
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64
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Comparison of the Protocol to Other LMO Risk Assessment Frameworks
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67
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Challenges in Implementing Risk Assessment under the Protocol
|
71
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Conclusion
|
77
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5 The Decision-Making Procedures of the Protocol
Worku Damena Yifru, Mai Fujii, and Kathryn Garforth
|
78
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The Advance Informed Agreement Procedure
|
78
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The Procedure for LMOs-FFP
|
80
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|
Advance Informed Agreement and Prior Informed Consent
|
83
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|
Current Issues and Challenges Related to the Decision-Making Procedures
|
86
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|
Conclusion
|
88
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|
6 Handling, Transport, Packaging, and Information
Thomas P. Redick
|
89
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Overview of Approaches to HTPI Implementation
|
90
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Review of Implementation Laws for HTPI
|
95
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|
Models for Implementation with Minimal Trade Disruption
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108
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|
Conclusion
|
110
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7 The Importance of Public Participation
Christine Toczeck Skarlatakis and Julian Kinderlerer
|
111
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Public Participation and International Sustainable Development Law
|
113
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|
Dimensions of the Concept of Public Participation
|
117
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Challenging Public Participation in Biosafety Policy
|
119
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|
Global Public Perceptions on Biotechnology
|
124
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Conclusion
|
128
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8 The Biosafety Clearing-House and Sustainable Development Law
Frederic Perron-Welch
|
131
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Introduction
|
131
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Origins and Basis of the Biosafety Clearing-House
|
132
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The BCH and Sustainable Development Law Principles
|
134
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9 Use of the Biosafety Clearing-House in Practise
Tomme Rosanne Young
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137
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“Metadata”
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139
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Search Mechanisms
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141
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|
Use of BCH Data by Importers, Exporters, and Developers
|
142
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|
Initial Controversies and Underlying Objectives
|
143
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|
10 Socioeconomics, Biosafety, and Sustainable Development
Frederic Perron-Welch
|
147
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|
Socioeconomic Impacts and Biosafety
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149
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Biosafety Regimes and Socioeconomic Considerations
|
152
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|
Biosafety, Socioeconomics, and Sustainable Development Law
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157
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|
Conclusion
|
162
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11 The Compliance Mechanism of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: Development, Adoption, Content, and First Years of Life
Veit Koester
|
164
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|
Introduction
|
164
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Legal Basis of the Compliance Mechanism
|
165
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|
Development of the Compliance Mechanism
|
166
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|
Conclusion
|
186
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12 Biosafety, Liability, and Sustainable Development
Frederic Perron-Welch and Olivier Rukundo
|
188
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|
International Law on Liability and Redress for Environmental Harm
|
189
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|
Development of the Liability and Redress Supplementary Protocol
|
192
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|
Nagoya – Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol
|
194
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|
Complementary Liability and Redress Rules
|
200
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|
Conclusion
|
201
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|
Part III: Domestic Implementation of Biosafety Regulatory Aspects
|
|
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13 Legislative Options for National Implementation
Tomme Rosanne Young
|
205
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Outcome Orientation: Is Legislation Required?
|
206
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Which Cartagena Protocol Tasks Are Mandatory?
|
209
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Nonmandatory Provisions
|
221
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|
14 National Biosafety Regulatory Systems in Central and Eastern Europe
David Duthie and Liina Eek
|
224
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|
Overview of Biosafety Policies of CEE Countries that are EU Members
|
228
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Non-EU Countries (Including Candidate and Potential Candidate Countries)
|
229
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Regulatory Systems
|
234
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|
Conclusion
|
244
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15 Implementing the Cartagena Protocol in West Africa: National and Regional Activities
Gregory Jaffe and Papa Meissa Dieng
|
246
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|
WAEMU Biosafety Regulatory Systems
|
247
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|
Issues Raised During Legal Analysis of Draft Laws and NBFs
|
253
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Regional Analysis
|
260
|
|
CILSS/INSAH Regional Biosafety Initiative
|
264
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|
Conclusion
|
269
|
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16 Comparative Analysis of the National Biosafety Regulatory Systems in East Africa
Gregory Jaffe
|
270
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|
Biosafety Regulatory Systems in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda
|
271
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|
Comparative Analysis of East African Biosafety Regimes and the African Model Law
|
274
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|
Cooperation, Coordination, and Harmonisation of EA Biosafety Regimes
|
291
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Conclusion
|
298
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17 The National Biosafety Regulatory Systems in Asian and Near East Countries
Nizar Mohamed
|
300
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|
Conceptual Framework
|
301
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|
Experiences in Asian National Biosafety Framework Development
|
303
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|
NBF: Policy Context
|
305
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|
Some Lessons from the Development of NBFs in Asia
|
311
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|
Conclusion: “Learning by Doing”
|
316
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|
18 The Regulatory and Institutional Biosafety Systems in the Americas
Jorge Cabrera Medaglia
|
317
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|
The Impacts and Challenges Faced in the Field of Agrobiotechnology
|
318
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|
Biosafety Regulatory and Institutional Frameworks in the Americas
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321
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|
Outline of the Leading Biosafety Trends in the Americas
|
322
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Conclusion
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326
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Part IV: Case Studies of Domestic Regimes and Sustainable Development
|
|
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19 National Experiences with Legislative Implementation of the Protocol
Tomme Rosanne Young
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329
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General Policy Approaches
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330
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Mandatory Elements: Obligations to Other Parties
|
332
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Export of LMOs (Notification and Acknowledgement)
|
333
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|
Legislation of Domestic Scope
|
338
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Conclusion
|
386
|
|
20 The Costa Rican Legal Framework on Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms
Jorge Cabrera Medaglia
|
388
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|
The Phytosanitary Protection Law and Related Regulations
|
389
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|
Provisions of the Biodiversity Law
|
394
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|
Provisions Related to Environmental Impact Assessment
|
396
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|
Provisions of Seed Law No. 6289
|
396
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|
Provisions of the Organic Farming Law
|
397
|
|
Labelling, Traceability, and Liability
|
399
|
|
Claims Made Before the Administrative Environmental Tribunal
|
400
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|
Conclusion
|
400
|
|
21 Innovations in Biosafety Law in New Zealand
Frederic Perron-Welch
|
402
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|
Regulatory System
|
402
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|
Strategic Vision
|
403
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|
Permitting Mechanism
|
404
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|
Information System
|
406
|
|
Monitoring and Inspections, Enforcement, and Compliance
|
407
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|
Conclusion
|
408
|
|
22 Liability and Redress in Canadian Case Law: Hoffman v. Monsanto Canada Inc.
Kathryn Garforth and Paige Ainslie
|
409
|
|
The Facts at Issue
|
409
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|
The Decisions of the Courts on the Causes of Action
|
410
|
|
Underlying Concerns
|
421
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|
Conclusion
|
432
|
|
23 The Use of GMOs in Chile and the Protection of Indigenous Culture
Konstantia Koutouki and Paula Honorato Marin
|
433
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|
GMOs in Chilean Food Production
|
435
|
|
GMOs and Indigenous Culture
|
436
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|
Conclusion
|
442
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|
Part V: Global Policy Trends in Biosafety
|
|
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24 Sustainable Development, Biosafety, and International Law
Frederic Perron-Welch, Marie-Claire Cordonier Segger, Christine Frison, and Jorge Cabrera Medaglia
|
447
|
|
Development Paradigms Prior to Stockholm
|
447
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|
International Policy Making on Sustainable Development
|
451
|
|
Sustainable Development Law of Relevance to Biosafety
|
455
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|
Regional and Domestic Implementation
|
469
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|
Conclusion
|
469
|
|
25 Trade and Investment Implications of Implementing the Cartagena Protocol
Marie-Claire Cordonier Segger and Markus Gehring
|
471
|
|
Introduction
|
471
|
|
Trade Regimes, Investment Rules, and Biosafety Measures: Tools for Sustainable Development?
|
473
|
|
Designing Biosafety Policies with Trade and Investment Considerations
|
486
|
|
Strengthening International Legal Coherence for the Green Economy
|
499
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|
26 The Cartagena Protocol and the Regulation of Genetically Modified Food Aid
Martin Endicott
|
502
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|
What Is Food Aid?
|
502
|
|
Application of the Protocol to Consignments of Food Aid
|
506
|
|
Key Considerations for the Regulation of Food Aid in Domestic Law
|
510
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|
Conclusion
|
513
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Conclusion
Marie-Claire Cordonier Segger, Frederic Perron-Welch, and Christine Frison
|
514
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|
Biosafety Law: Looking Forward
|
514
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Enduring Questions
|
516
|
|
Conclusion
|
520
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|
Annex I -- The Components of a National Biosafety Framework (UNEP/GEF Toolkit)
|
521
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|
Annex II -- Cartagena Protocol Implementation Tool Kit
|
522
|
|
Annex III -- Risk Management and Risk Assessment
|
528
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Annex IV -- International Liability and Redress Treaties
|
531
|
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Annex V -- Central and Eastern Europe
|
534
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|
Annex VI -- West Africa
|
540
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|
Annex VII -- East Africa
|
548
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|
Annex VIII -- Asia
|
551
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|
Annex IX -- Americas
|
554
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Annex X -- Costa Rica
|
586
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Table of Treaties
|
589
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Table of Declarations
|
591
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Table of Decisions
|
592
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Table of Legislation
|
594
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Table of Cases
|
596
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|
Bibliography
|
599
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Index
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