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Liabilities and Modern Artificial Intelligence: A Tri-Phase Model

Liabilities and Modern Artificial Intelligence: A Tri-Phase Model

Author: Estelle Wallingford
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 9781041020653

Published In: September 2025
Format: Hardback
Jurisdiction: U.K. ? Disclaimer:
Countri(es) stated herein are used as reference only

List Price: HKD 2,015.00

HKD 1,954.55 Save HKD 60.45 (3%)

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Description
Contents

Details

This book addresses how private law liability should be assigned in contexts where modern forms of AI are deployed.

AI as a technology holds the potential to radically improve global society, yet the pace of its advancement far outstrips the pace at which legal systems are responding. This book explores legal approaches to AI, how AI should be legally characterised, and proposes an overarching theoretical liability framework termed the Tri-Phase AI Liability Model. This framework is flexible in nature and considers the type of AI, the context in which it is deployed, who has the most control over the AI system and the capacity of a deployed AI. In response, this book brings greatly needed clarity to the evolving landscape of AI governance, aiding in resolving existing and emerging private law challenges.

This book is a timely response to the urgent need to resolve private law liabilities and will appeal to legal professionals, policymakers, and scholars looking to understand or contribute to the current and future governance of AI within private law.

List of Figures

List of Tables

Table of Cases

Table of Legislation

Table of Statutory Instruments

Acknowledgements

Introduction

1. Artificial Intelligence: A Legal Problem

2. What is Modern AI?

3. Regulation versus Liability

4. Overview of Chapters

5. A Need for Flexibility

Part I

Chapter 1—Understanding the AI Legal Landscape

1. Evaluating Legal Approaches to Artificial Intelligence

2. Regulatory Responses to Artificial Intelligence

3. Evaluation of Proposed Legal Responses to a Deployed AI

4. The Need for an Overarching Liability Framework

Part II

Chapter 2—Reevaluating Legal Personality for AI

1. AI as a Legal Person?

2. Legal Personhood Approaches to AI

3. Socio-Legal Background of Legal Personhood

4. Elements of Legal Personhood—Legal Rights and Duties

5. Elements of Legal Personhood—Capacity

6. Viewing Legal Personality Hierarchically

7. Legal Personhood: An Adaptable Concept

Chapter 3—AI as a Legal Agent: Strengths, Limitations, and Situational Applicability

1. The AI Legal Agent

2. Theories of Agency and their Applicability to AI

3. Key Elements of a Principal–Agent Relationship

4. Problems with Modern AI as a Legal Agent

5. Agency and Situational Utility

Chapter 4—AI as Property: A Limited View?

1. Proprietary Nature of AI

2. Can AI Be Construed as Non-IP Property?

3. AI as Intellectual Property

4. Other Important Considerations

5. Characterising AI as Property—Sufficient?

6. Artificial Intelligence: More than Merely Property

Chapter 5—A New Legal Characterisation: ‘Hierarchical Legal Personality’ for AI

1. Artificial Intelligence – What Should it be Legally?

2. The Unique Characteristics of AI

3. A Hierarchical Model of Legal Personhood

4. Incorporating Agency and Property into the Hierarchical Legal Personality Model

5. Resolving Characterising AI and its Importance for Liability

Part III

Chapter 6—Adapting Causation Principles for AI

1. Causation: A Threshold Issue

2. Legal Causation and AI—Theoretical Approaches

3. Evaluating Proposed Causation Solutions in an AI Context

4. Additional Problems with Causation Approaches in an AI Context

5. Alternative Solution—Need for A Situational Approach to Causation

6. The Need for a Situational Approach to Causation for AI

Chapter 7—Narrowing Liability: Questions of Context and Who Could Be Liable

1. Other Threshold Issues

2. Context in which AI is Deployed, Scope of Actions and Multiple AI Systems

3. Question of Who Could Be Liable

4. Considering AI in Context: Viewing AI Situationally Rather than through a Fixed Approach

Chapter 8—The Tri-Phase AI Liability Model: A New Liability Approach

1. A Liability Response for AI

2. A New Proposal—Alternative Liability Framework

3. Phase 1—Identification of Maximum Potential Legal Personhood Status

4. Phase 2—Liability Threshold Issues

5. Phase 3—Drawing Together Phases 1 and 2: Situational Approach to Deciding Liability for AI Systems Operating at Different Levels of Ability

6. Evaluation of the Tri-Phase AI Liability Model

7. Reconceiving Liability as a Flexible Paradigm

Part IV

Chapter 9—Model in Application: Adapting Theory to Practice

1. Theory Informing Practice

2. The Tri-Phase AI Liability Model Relative to Regulatory Responses

3. Considerations for Stakeholders

4. Beyond Fixed Approaches: The Need for a Situational Response to AI

Conclusion

Bibliography

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