|
Table of statutes
|
x
|
|
Table of cases
|
xxiv
|
|
Introduction
|
1
|
|
The problem of criminal law books
|
1
|
|
Crime books
|
2
|
|
Skills books
|
2
|
|
How to read this book
|
4
|
|
Chapters
|
4
|
|
Structures
|
6
|
|
Examples
|
8
|
|
How to use this book
|
10
|
|
Working
|
10
|
|
Teaching
|
11
|
|
Learning
|
15
|
|
Acknowledgments
|
17
|
|
1 Words
|
19
|
|
1.1 Introduction
|
19
|
|
1.2 The problem of words
|
19
|
|
1.2.1 Finding meaning
|
20
|
|
1.2.2 Finding words
|
22
|
|
1.3 Reading statutes
|
25
|
|
1.3.1 Language
|
26
|
|
1.3.2 Context
|
29
|
|
1.3.3 Purpose
|
33
|
|
1.4 Reading offence provisions
|
37
|
|
1.4.1 Penal provisions
|
37
|
|
1.4.2 Human rights law
|
39
|
|
1.4.3 General criminal law
|
42
|
|
1.5 Summary
|
44
|
|
2 Choices
|
45
|
|
2.1 Introduction
|
45
|
|
2.2 The problem of choices
|
46
|
|
2.2.1 Choosing boundaries
|
47
|
|
2.2.2 Choosing outcomes
|
48
|
|
2.3 Policing
|
50
|
|
2.3.1 When to police
|
50
|
|
2.3.2 How to police
|
54
|
|
2.4 Prosecuting
|
56
|
|
2.4.1 When to prosecute
|
57
|
|
2.4.2 How to prosecute
|
61
|
|
2.5 Regulating
|
63
|
|
2.6 Summary
|
66
|
|
3 Conduct
|
67
|
|
3.1 Introduction
|
67
|
|
3.2 The problem of conduct
|
67
|
|
3.2.1 Defining conduct
|
69
|
|
3.2.2 Attributing conduct
|
70
|
|
3.3 Responsibility for conduct
|
73
|
|
3.3.1 Intended conduct
|
75
|
|
3.3.2 Voluntary acts
|
79
|
|
3.3.3 Voluntary omissions
|
81
|
|
3.3.4 Voluntary states of affairs
|
84
|
|
3.3.5 Ambiguous conduct
|
87
|
|
3.4 Lack of responsibility for conduct
|
89
|
|
3.4.1 Uncontrolled conduct
|
90
|
|
3.4.2 Impaired conduct
|
92
|
|
3.4.3 Intoxicated conduct
|
94
|
|
3.5 Summary
|
96
|
|
4 Results
|
98
|
|
4.1 Introduction
|
98
|
|
4.2 The problem of results
|
99
|
|
4.2.1 Defining results
|
99
|
|
4.2.2 Attributing results
|
102
|
|
4.3 Responsibility for results
|
104
|
|
4.3.1 Foreseen results
|
106
|
|
4.3.2 Unforeseen results
|
109
|
|
4.3.3 Ambiguous results
|
112
|
|
4.4 Lack of responsibility for results
|
116
|
|
4.4.1 Carelessness
|
117
|
|
4.4.2 Reasonableness
|
119
|
|
4.4.3 Uncontrollable results
|
122
|
|
4.5 Summary
|
124
|
|
5 Circumstances
|
125
|
|
5.1 Introduction
|
125
|
|
5.2 The problem of circumstances
|
125
|
|
5.2.1 Defining circumstances
|
127
|
|
5.2.2 Attributing circumstances
|
130
|
|
5.3 Responsibility for circumstances
|
132
|
|
5.3.1 Intended circumstances
|
134
|
|
5.3.2 Foreseen circumstances
|
138
|
|
5.3.3 Unforeseen circumstances
|
140
|
|
5.3.4 Ambiguous circumstances
|
144
|
|
5.4 Lack of responsibility for circumstances
|
149
|
|
5.4.1 Carelessness
|
150
|
|
5.4.2 Carefulness
|
154
|
|
5.4.3 Uncontrollable circumstances
|
157
|
|
5.5 Summary
|
159
|
|
6 Sentences
|
161
|
|
6.1 Introduction
|
161
|
|
6.2 The problem of sentences
|
162
|
|
6.2.1 Offence factors
|
162
|
|
6.2.2 Offender factors
|
165
|
|
6.3 Assessing offence seriousness
|
167
|
|
6.3.1 Nature of the offence
|
169
|
|
6.3.2 Circumstances of the offence
|
172
|
|
6.3.3 Ambiguous offences
|
176
|
|
6.4 Limits on assessing offence seriousness
|
181
|
|
6.4.1 Discriminatory factors
|
182
|
|
6.4.2 Incriminatory factors
|
184
|
|
6.4.3 Regulatory factors
|
187
|
|
6.5 Summary
|
190
|
|
7 Standards
|
192
|
|
7.1 Introduction
|
192
|
|
7.2 The problem of standards
|
193
|
|
7.2.1 Ambiguous behaviour
|
194
|
|
7.2.2 Ambiguous offenders
|
198
|
|
7.3 Counterfactual standards
|
201
|
|
7.3.1 Dangerous behaviour
|
203
|
|
7.3.2 Dangerous offenders
|
206
|
|
7.4 Moral standards
|
209
|
|
7.4.1 Aberrant behaviour
|
211
|
|
7.4.2 Aberrant offenders
|
215
|
|
7.5 Summary
|
219
|
|
8 Groups
|
220
|
|
8.1 Introduction
|
220
|
|
8.2 The problem of groups
|
221
|
|
8.2.1 Attributed crimes
|
222
|
|
8.2.2 Distributed crimes
|
226
|
|
8.3 Responsibility for others
|
230
|
|
8.3.1 Commissioning conduct
|
231
|
|
8.3.2 Facilitating offending
|
234
|
|
8.3.3 Joining offenders
|
238
|
|
8.4 Lack of responsibility for others
|
242
|
|
8.4.1 Position
|
242
|
|
8.4.2 Opposition
|
244
|
|
8.4.3 Exclusion
|
247
|
|
8.5 Summary
|
250
|
|
9 Failures
|
251
|
|
9.1 Introduction
|
251
|
|
9.2 The problem of failures
|
252
|
|
9.2.1 Failed crimes
|
252
|
|
9.2.2 Criminal failures
|
255
|
|
9.3 Responsibility for failures
|
258
|
|
9.3.1 Intended crimes
|
259
|
|
9.3.2 Individual failures
|
265
|
|
9.3.3 Group failures
|
269
|
|
9.4 Lack of responsibility for failures
|
271
|
|
9.4.1 Futile failures
|
272
|
|
9.4.2 Fickle failures
|
274
|
|
9.4.3 Feeble failures
|
276
|
|
9.5 Summary
|
278
|
|
10 Exceptions
|
280
|
|
10.1 Introduction
|
280
|
|
10.2 The problem of exceptions
|
281
|
|
10.2.1 Developing exceptions
|
282
|
|
10.2.2 Applying exceptions
|
284
|
|
10.3 Exceptions from responsibility
|
287
|
|
10.3.1 Lawful crimes
|
290
|
|
10.3.2 Reasonable crimes
|
294
|
|
10.3.3 Ambiguous exceptions
|
299
|
|
10.4 Lack of exceptions from responsibility
|
304
|
|
10.4.1 Careless crimes
|
305
|
|
10.4.2 Careful crimes
|
309
|
|
10.4.3 Complete crimes
|
311
|
|
10.5 Summary
|
313
|
|
11 Victims
|
314
|
|
11.1 Introduction
|
314
|
|
11.2 The problem of victims
|
314
|
|
11.2.1 Victims as prosecutors
|
316
|
|
11.2.2 Victims as defendants
|
320
|
|
11.3 Victims and offences
|
323
|
|
11.3.1 Targeted victims
|
324
|
|
11.3.2 Willing victims
|
328
|
|
11.3.3 Ambiguous victims
|
333
|
|
11.4 Victims and responsibility
|
336
|
|
11.4.1 Careless victims
|
337
|
|
11.4.2 Careful victims
|
340
|
|
11.5 Summary
|
343
|
|
12 States
|
344
|
|
12.1 Introduction
|
344
|
|
12.2 The problem of states
|
344
|
|
12.2.1 States as defendants
|
345
|
|
12.2.2 States as victims
|
349
|
|
12.3 States and offences
|
353
|
|
12.3.1 Willing states
|
354
|
|
12.3.2 Targeted states
|
358
|
|
12.3.3 Ambiguous states
|
361
|
|
12.4 States and responsibility
|
365
|
|
12.4.1 Careful states
|
365
|
|
12.4.2 Careless states
|
370
|
|
12.5 Summary
|
375
|
|
Appendix – Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), Schedule, Chapter 2
|
376
|
|
Index
|
401
|