|
Foreword
|
xxi |
|
Preface and acknowledgments to the first edition
|
xxv |
|
Preface and acknowledgments to the second edition
|
xxix |
|
Preface and acknowledgments to the third edition
|
xxxi |
|
Table of cases
|
xxxiii |
|
Table of treaties and other international instruments
|
xxxvii |
|
List of abbreviations
|
lxiii |
|
Part I The legal and institutional framework
|
1 |
|
1 The environment and international society: issues, concepts and definitions
|
3 |
|
The environmental challenge
|
3 |
|
The basis for decision-making: science, economics and other values
|
5 |
|
Science
|
6 |
|
Economics
|
7 |
|
Other social objectives
|
8 |
|
Sustainable development
|
9 |
|
The international legal order
|
10 |
|
The functions of international law
|
10 |
|
Sovereignty and territory
|
11 |
|
International actors
|
13 |
|
The environment and international law: defining terms
|
13 |
|
Challenges for international environmental law
|
15 |
|
Further reading
|
16 |
|
International environmental law: texts, articles and history
|
16 |
|
Sources of international environmental law
|
18 |
|
Primary materials
|
18 |
|
International environmental jurisprudence
|
18 |
|
Journals
|
19 |
|
International law generally
|
19 |
|
International environmental law
|
19 |
|
International environmental co-operation and policy
|
19 |
|
Science and the state of the environment
|
20 |
|
Environmental economics and development
|
20 |
|
Websites
|
21 |
|
2 History
|
22 |
|
Introduction
|
22 |
|
From early fisheries conventions to the creation of the United Nations
|
23 |
|
From the creation of the United Nations to Stockholm: 1945–72
|
26 |
|
UNCCUR
|
27 |
|
The 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
|
30 |
|
Stockholm follow-up
|
33 |
|
From Stockholm to Rio: 1972–92
|
34 |
|
Post-Stockholm: treaties and other international acts
|
34 |
|
1978 UNEP draft Principles
|
36 |
|
1981 Montevideo Programme
|
37 |
|
1982 World Charter for Nature
|
37 |
|
1980 World Conservation Strategy/1991 ‘Caring for the Earth’ Strategy
|
38 |
|
The Brundtland Report and the Report of the Legal Experts Group
|
39 |
|
Conclusions
|
40 |
|
UNCED
|
40 |
|
The Rio Declaration
|
42 |
|
Agenda 21
|
44 |
|
Beyond UNCED: trends and directions
|
45 |
|
World Summit on Sustainable Development
|
47 |
|
Conclusions
|
49 |
|
3 Governance: states, international organisations and non-state actors
|
50 |
|
Introduction
|
50 |
|
States
|
51 |
|
International organisations
|
52 |
|
Introduction
|
52 |
|
History of international organisational arrangements
|
53 |
|
UNCED
|
53 |
|
The function and role of international organisations
|
55 |
|
Global organisations
|
56 |
|
United Nations (www.un.org)
|
56 |
|
UN General Assembly
|
58 |
|
UN Environment Programme (www.unep.org)
|
60 |
|
UN Development Programme (www.undp.org)
|
62 |
|
International Law Commission (www.un.org/law/ilc)
|
63 |
|
UN Commission on Sustainable Development (www.un.org/esa/dsd/csd/csd_index.shtml)
|
63 |
|
Other subsidiary bodies established by the General Assembly
|
65 |
|
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
|
67 |
|
Security Council
|
69 |
|
Trusteeship Council
|
69 |
|
International Court of Justice (www.icj-cij.org)
|
70 |
|
United Nations specialised agencies and related organisations
|
70 |
|
Food and Agriculture Organization (www.fao.org)
|
70 |
|
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (www.unesco.org)
|
72 |
|
International Maritime Organization (www.imo.org)
|
72 |
|
International Labour Organization (www.imo.org)
|
73 |
|
World Meteorological Organization (www.wmo.int)
|
73 |
|
International Civil Aviation Organization (www.icao.int)
|
74 |
|
UN Industrial Development Organization (www.unido.org)
|
74 |
|
World Health Organization (www.who.int)
|
74 |
|
International Atomic Energy Agency (www.iaea.org)
|
75 |
|
World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and World Trade Organization
|
76 |
|
Co-operative arrangements
|
76 |
|
Other global institutions
|
77 |
|
Regional and sub-regional organisations
|
77 |
|
Europe and the OECD
|
77 |
|
Africa
|
81 |
|
Americas and the Caribbean
|
82 |
|
Asia Pacific
|
82 |
|
Organisations established by environmental treaties
|
83 |
|
Non-state actors
|
86 |
|
Scientific community
|
87 |
|
Environmental, health and developmental organisations
|
88 |
|
Legal groups
|
88 |
|
Corporate sector
|
89 |
|
Individuals and indigenous communities
|
90 |
|
The media
|
91 |
|
Conclusions
|
92 |
|
4 International law-making and regulation
|
94 |
|
Introduction
|
94 |
|
Treaties
|
96 |
|
Environmental treaties
|
98 |
|
The treaty-making process
|
98 |
|
The 1969 Vienna Convention and legal issues relating to treaties
|
99 |
|
Interpretation
|
100 |
|
Entry into force
|
102 |
|
Reservations and interpretative declarations
|
103 |
|
Relations between international agreements
|
105 |
|
Amendment
|
107 |
|
Other international acts
|
108 |
|
Acts of international organisations
|
108 |
|
Conference declarations and other acts
|
110 |
|
Customary international law
|
111 |
|
State practice
|
112 |
|
Opinio juris
|
114 |
|
Treaties and custom
|
115 |
|
Persistent objector
|
116 |
|
Regional custom
|
117 |
|
General principles of international law
|
117 |
|
Equity
|
119 |
|
Subsidiary sources
|
120 |
|
Introduction to regulatory approaches
|
121 |
|
Direct regulation
|
122 |
|
Environmental quality standards
|
122 |
|
Product standards
|
123 |
|
Emissions standards
|
123 |
|
Process standards
|
123 |
|
Economic instruments
|
124 |
|
Charges and taxes
|
126 |
|
Joint implementation and tradeable permits
|
127 |
|
Deposit-refund systems
|
128 |
|
Subsidies
|
128 |
|
Enforcement incentives
|
129 |
|
Liability and compensation for damage
|
129 |
|
Trade measures
|
129 |
|
Investment incentives
|
130 |
|
Environmental agreements
|
130 |
|
Consumer information incentives
|
131 |
|
Integrated pollution control and integrated environmental management
|
131 |
|
Conclusions
|
133 |
|
5 Compliance: implementation, enforcement, dispute settlement
|
135 |
|
Introduction
|
135 |
|
Implementation
|
138 |
|
National law
|
138 |
|
National compliance
|
139 |
|
Reporting
|
143 |
|
International enforcement
|
144 |
|
Enforcement by states
|
144 |
|
Damage to a state's own environment
|
145 |
|
Damage to the environment of another state
|
146 |
|
Damage to the environment in areas beyond national jurisdiction
|
146 |
|
Enforcement by international organisations
|
151 |
|
Enforcement by non-state actors
|
155 |
|
Enforcement in the national courts
|
155 |
|
International enforcement
|
157 |
|
International conflict resolution (settlement of disputes)
|
159 |
|
Introduction
|
159 |
|
Diplomatic means of dispute settlement
|
159 |
|
Negotiation and consultation
|
159 |
|
Mediation, conciliation, fact-finding and international institutions
|
161 |
|
Non-compliance procedures
|
163 |
|
Inspection procedures of multilateral development banks
|
167 |
|
NAFTA Commission on Environmental Cooperation
|
168 |
|
Legal means of dispute settlement
|
169 |
|
Arbitration
|
169 |
|
International courts
|
171 |
|
International Court of Justice
|
171 |
|
Contentious cases
|
172 |
|
Advisory opinions
|
174 |
|
Interim measures of protection
|
174 |
|
UNCLOS and ITLOS
|
175 |
|
WTO Dispute Settlement Body
|
177 |
|
European Court of Justice and Court of First Instance
|
179 |
|
Human rights courts
|
180 |
|
Conclusions
|
181 |
|
Part II Principles and rules establishing standards
|
185 |
|
6 General principles and rules
|
187 |
|
Introduction
|
187 |
|
Principles and rules
|
188 |
|
Sovereignty over natural resources and the responsibility not to cause damage to the environment of other states or to areas beyond national jurisdiction
|
190 |
|
Sovereign rights over natural resources
|
191 |
|
Sovereignty and extra-territoriality
|
192 |
|
Responsibility not to cause environmental damage
|
195 |
|
Conclusion
|
200 |
|
Principle of preventive action
|
200 |
|
Co-operation
|
203 |
|
Sustainable development
|
206 |
|
Introduction
|
206 |
|
Future generations
|
209 |
|
Sustainable use of natural resources
|
210 |
|
Equitable use of natural resources
|
213 |
|
Integration of environment and development
|
215 |
|
Conclusion
|
217 |
|
Precautionary principle
|
217 |
|
Polluter pays principle
|
228 |
|
OECD
|
230 |
|
European Union
|
231 |
|
Principle of common but differentiated responsibility
|
233 |
|
Common responsibility
|
234 |
|
Differentiated responsibility
|
234 |
|
Conclusions
|
236 |
|
7 Atmospheric protection and climate change
|
238 |
|
Introduction
|
238 |
|
Milestones in the development of atmospheric regulation
|
239 |
|
Trail Smelter case
|
239 |
|
Nuclear testing
|
240 |
|
Customary law
|
242 |
|
UNCED and WSSD
|
243 |
|
Urban and transboundary air pollution
|
245 |
|
1979 UNECE Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution and its Protocols
|
246 |
|
1979 LRTAP Convention
|
247 |
|
1984 Monitoring and Evaluation Protocol
|
248 |
|
1985 Sulphur Protocol
|
248 |
|
1988 NOx Protocol
|
249 |
|
1991 Volatile Organic Compounds Protocol
|
251 |
|
1994 Sulphur Protocol
|
253 |
|
1998 Aarhus Protocol on Heavy Metals
|
254 |
|
1998 Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants
|
255 |
|
1999 Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-Level Ozone
|
255 |
|
1991 Canada–US Air Quality Agreement
|
257 |
|
Sulphur dioxide
|
257 |
|
Nitrogen oxides
|
258 |
|
Ozone
|
258 |
|
Assessment, information and institutions
|
258 |
|
2002 ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution
|
259 |
|
Aircraft emissions: ICAO Convention
|
260 |
|
Emissions from international shipping
|
261 |
|
Ozone depletion
|
262 |
|
1985 Vienna Convention
|
264 |
|
The 1987 Montreal Protocol: Adjustments and Amendments
|
265 |
|
Controlled substances
|
266 |
|
Control measures: consumption and production
|
267 |
|
Control measures: trade in controlled substances
|
271 |
|
Developing countries
|
272 |
|
Technical, financial and other assistance
|
272 |
|
Reporting and compliance
|
273 |
|
Institutional arrangements
|
274 |
|
Climate change
|
274 |
|
1992 Climate Change Convention
|
276 |
|
Preamble, definition, objective and principles
|
277 |
|
General commitments
|
278 |
|
Reporting
|
279 |
|
Specific commitments: sources and sinks
|
279 |
|
Commitments: financial resources and technology transfer
|
281 |
|
Institutional arrangements
|
282 |
|
Implementation and dispute settlement
|
283 |
|
The 1997 Kyoto Protocol
|
283 |
|
Emission reduction targets and timetable
|
285 |
|
Policies and measures
|
287 |
|
Flexibility mechanisms: emissions trading, joint implementation and the CDM
|
287 |
|
Sinks
|
291 |
|
Developing countries
|
292 |
|
Reporting and compliance
|
292 |
|
Subsequent developments: Copenhagen, Cancún and beyond
|
293 |
|
Copenhagen conference (COP 15)
|
294 |
|
Cancún conference (COP 16)
|
296 |
|
Ongoing negotiations
|
298 |
|
Outer space
|
299 |
|
1967 Outer Space Treaty
|
300 |
|
1979 Moon Treaty
|
300 |
|
Outer Space Principles
|
301 |
|
Conclusions
|
301 |
|
8 Freshwater resources
|
303 |
|
Introduction
|
303 |
|
Customary law
|
305 |
|
Lac Lanoux arbitration
|
307 |
|
ILA: 1966 Helsinki Rules and beyond
|
308 |
|
ILC: 1997 Watercourses Convention
|
310 |
|
ILC 2008: Articles on Transboundary Aquifers
|
312 |
|
Case Concerning the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project
|
313 |
|
Regional rules
|
319 |
|
Europe
|
319 |
|
Rhine
|
320 |
|
1992 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes
|
322 |
|
Americas
|
326 |
|
1909 Boundary Waters Treaty
|
326 |
|
Gut Dam arbitration
|
327 |
|
1978 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
|
328 |
|
The 1975 Statute of the River Uruguay
|
329 |
|
The Case Concerning the Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay
|
330 |
|
Africa
|
333 |
|
Niger basin
|
334 |
|
Southern Africa, including the Zambezi River
|
335 |
|
Asia
|
336 |
|
Mekong River Basin
|
336 |
|
Subcontinental Asia
|
337 |
|
Israel–Jordan Peace Treaty
|
339 |
|
Conclusions
|
340 |
|
9 Oceans, seas and marine living resources
|
342 |
|
Introduction
|
342 |
|
Ecosystem approach
|
345 |
|
Protection of the marine environment
|
346 |
|
Introduction
|
346 |
|
Development of standards of international law
|
347 |
|
UNCLOS
|
349 |
|
Regional arrangements
|
352 |
|
UNEP Regional Seas Programme
|
352 |
|
Northeast Atlantic (1992 OSPAR Convention) and the North Sea
|
360 |
|
Baltic Sea: the 1992 Helsinki Convention
|
362 |
|
Caspian Sea: the 2003 Tehran Convention
|
364 |
|
Pollution by dumping
|
365 |
|
UNCLOS: general principles
|
366 |
|
1972 London Convention and 1996 Protocol
|
366 |
|
Regional agreements
|
370 |
|
Pollution from land-based sources including through the atmosphere
|
372 |
|
UNCLOS
|
373 |
|
1995 Global Programme of Action
|
374 |
|
Regional agreements
|
375 |
|
Atmospheric pollution
|
378 |
|
Pollution from vessels
|
378 |
|
UNCLOS
|
380 |
|
MARPOL 73/78
|
381 |
|
Other agreements on pollution from ships
|
385 |
|
Safety agreements
|
386 |
|
Pollution from seabed activities
|
387 |
|
UNCLOS
|
387 |
|
Regional agreements
|
389 |
|
Other agreements
|
390 |
|
Environmental emergencies
|
391 |
|
1969 Intervention Convention and 1973 Intervention Protocol
|
391 |
|
1989 Salvage Convention
|
392 |
|
1990 OPRC Convention and 2000 HNS Protocol
|
393 |
|
1969 and 1983 Bonn Agreements
|
394 |
|
UNEP Regional Seas Protocols
|
394 |
|
Liability and compensation
|
395 |
|
Conservation of marine living resources
|
396 |
|
Introduction
|
396 |
|
Milestones in the development of fisheries law
|
399 |
|
Pacific Fur Seal arbitration
|
399 |
|
Food and Agriculture Organization
|
400 |
|
The First UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (1958)
|
401 |
|
Fisheries Jurisdiction case
|
402 |
|
The 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment
|
402 |
|
UNCLOS
|
403 |
|
Territorial waters, archipelagic waters and the continental shelf
|
404 |
|
Exclusive economic zone
|
404 |
|
High seas
|
405 |
|
1995 Fish Stocks Agreement and other global arrangements
|
407 |
|
1995 Fish Stocks Agreement
|
408 |
|
1993 Compliance Agreement
|
410 |
|
1995 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
|
411 |
|
Regional fishery arrangements
|
411 |
|
Fisheries case law
|
418 |
|
Estai case (Canada v. Spain)
|
418 |
|
Southern Bluefin Tuna cases (New Zealand v. Japan, Australia v. Japan)
|
420 |
|
Swordfish case (Chile v. EU)
|
421 |
|
Marine mammals
|
423 |
|
International Whaling Commission
|
425 |
|
1992 ASCOBANS
|
428 |
|
1992 NAMMCO
|
428 |
|
Marine birds
|
429 |
|
Destructive fishing practices
|
429 |
|
Driftnet fishing
|
430 |
|
Bottom trawling
|
431 |
|
Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing
|
432 |
|
2009 Agreement on Port State Measures
|
433 |
|
Conservation of marine biodiversity
|
434 |
|
The international legal framework
|
435 |
|
UNCLOS and the 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement
|
435 |
|
Convention on Biological Diversity
|
435 |
|
Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation
|
436 |
|
Resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly
|
437 |
|
Regional arrangements
|
437 |
|
Protection of deep-sea ecosystems
|
439 |
|
UNCLOS and the 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement
|
440 |
|
Resolutions of the UN General Assembly
|
440 |
|
Food and Agriculture Organization
|
441 |
|
Convention on Biological Diversity
|
442 |
|
Marine protected areas
|
442 |
|
Marine protected areas within the EEZ
|
444 |
|
MPAs in areas beyond national jurisdiction
|
445 |
|
Conclusions
|
447 |
|
10 Biological diversity
|
449 |
|
Introduction
|
449 |
|
International law
|
451 |
|
Convention on Biological Diversity
|
453 |
|
Preamble and jurisdictional scope
|
454 |
|
Conservation and sustainable use
|
454 |
|
Access to genetic resources and benefit sharing
|
457 |
|
Biotechnology and living modified organisms
|
460 |
|
Financial resources and mechanism
|
460 |
|
Institutions and other mechanisms
|
460 |
|
Evolution of the Biodiversity Convention
|
461 |
|
2010 Nagoya Protocol
|
464 |
|
Global instruments addressing specific threats to biodiversity
|
466 |
|
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
|
466 |
|
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
|
472 |
|
Institutions
|
472 |
|
Preamble and definitions
|
473 |
|
Appendices I, II and III and international trade
|
473 |
|
Amendments to Appendices
|
474 |
|
Reservations
|
476 |
|
Exemptions and special provisions
|
476 |
|
Introduction from the sea under CITES
|
478 |
|
Enforcement
|
478 |
|
General instruments of regional and sub-regional application
|
479 |
|
Africa
|
480 |
|
1968 African Nature Convention
|
480 |
|
2003 Revised African Nature Convention
|
481 |
|
1994 Lusaka Agreement
|
483 |
|
The Americas and the Caribbean
|
484 |
|
1940 Western Hemisphere Convention
|
484 |
|
1978 Treaty for Amazonian Cooperation
|
485 |
|
Pacific islands region
|
486 |
|
Europe
|
487 |
|
1979 Berne Convention
|
487 |
|
1982 Benelux Convention
|
489 |
|
1991 Alpine Convention
|
489 |
|
2003 Carpathians Convention
|
490 |
|
Asia
|
490 |
|
Regulation of particular habitats or species
|
492 |
|
Wetlands
|
492 |
|
Forests
|
495 |
|
1994 International Tropical Timber Agreement
|
495 |
|
International Tropical Timber Agreement 2006
|
496 |
|
1992 Forest Principles
|
497 |
|
UN Forum on Forests
|
497 |
|
2007 Non-Legally Binding Instrument on All Types of Forests
|
498 |
|
Land, soil and desertification
|
499 |
|
1994 Convention to Combat Desertification
|
500 |
|
Migratory species
|
502 |
|
1979 Bonn Convention on Migratory Species
|
502 |
|
Birds
|
505 |
|
1950 Birds Convention
|
505 |
|
1970 Benelux Convention
|
505 |
|
Other animal species
|
506 |
|
1973 Polar Bear Agreement
|
506 |
|
1979 Vicuna Convention
|
506 |
|
Plants and plant genetic resources
|
507 |
|
Cultural and natural heritage and landscape
|
509 |
|
1972 World Heritage Convention
|
510 |
|
Conclusions
|
511 |
|
11 Hazardous substances and activities
|
514 |
|
Introduction
|
514 |
|
Definition of hazardous substances
|
516 |
|
Accident prevention, preparedness and response
|
516 |
|
1996 EU Seveso Directive
|
518 |
|
1992 Industrial Accidents Convention
|
519 |
|
Chemicals, pesticides and other dangerous substances
|
521 |
|
Registration and classification (including labelling and packaging)
|
522 |
|
Production and use
|
523 |
|
2001 POPs Convention
|
524 |
|
International trade
|
526 |
|
1985 FAO Code of Conduct
|
528 |
|
1987 UNEP London Guidelines
|
529 |
|
1998 Chemicals Convention
|
530 |
|
Transport
|
532 |
|
The working environment
|
532 |
|
Nuclear activities and radioactive substances
|
536 |
|
Nuclear safety
|
537 |
|
1994 Nuclear Safety Convention
|
538 |
|
1997 Joint Safety Convention
|
539 |
|
Transport
|
540 |
|
Protection of workers and the public
|
541 |
|
Border area co-operation
|
541 |
|
Emergencies
|
542 |
|
Nuclear weapons and testing, and nuclear-free zones
|
543 |
|
Other hazardous activities
|
546 |
|
Energy
|
547 |
|
Mining
|
548 |
|
Agriculture
|
550 |
|
Transportation
|
551 |
|
Tourism
|
551 |
|
Conclusions
|
552 |
|
12 Waste
|
554 |
|
Introduction
|
554 |
|
Defining and treating waste
|
557 |
|
Municipal waste
|
557 |
|
Hazardous and toxic wastes (industrial, agricultural and mining waste and sewage sludge)
|
558 |
|
Radioactive waste
|
560 |
|
Prevention and treatment
|
560 |
|
Disposal
|
562 |
|
Disposal at sea
|
563 |
|
Disposal into rivers and lakes by other land-based sources
|
564 |
|
Incineration
|
564 |
|
Landfill and other land disposal and storage
|
566 |
|
Recycling and re-use
|
566 |
|
International movement (including trade) in waste
|
567 |
|
The 1989 Basel Convention
|
568 |
|
1991 Bamako Convention
|
571 |
|
1995 Waigani Convention
|
572 |
|
North America
|
574 |
|
1990 IAEA Code of Conduct on Radioactive Waste and 1997 Joint Convention on Spent Fuel and Radioactive Waste Management
|
574 |
|
Conclusions
|
575 |
|
13 The polar regions: Antarctica and the Arctic
|
577 |
|
Introduction
|
577 |
|
The Antarctic
|
578 |
|
The Antarctic Treaty regime
|
579 |
|
1959 Antarctic Treaty
|
579 |
|
1972 Antarctic Seals Convention
|
580 |
|
1980 CCAMLR
|
580 |
|
1988 CRAMRA
|
582 |
|
1991 Environment Protocol
|
586 |
|
Other treaty provisions
|
591 |
|
The Arctic
|
591 |
|
The Arctic Council
|
593 |
|
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme
|
594 |
|
Arctic Council Action Plan to Eliminate Pollution of the Arctic
|
594 |
|
Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment Working Group
|
595 |
|
Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna Working Group
|
595 |
|
Emergency Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Working Group
|
596 |
|
Sustainable Development Working Group
|
596 |
|
Conclusions
|
596 |
|
Part III Techniques for implementing international principles and rules
|
599 |
|
14 Environmental impact assessment
|
601 |
|
Introduction
|
601 |
|
Non-binding instruments
|
602 |
|
UNCED and the WSSD
|
604 |
|
ILC draft Articles on Prevention of Transboundary Harm
|
605 |
|
Treaties and other binding instruments
|
605 |
|
1982 UNCLOS
|
607 |
|
1986 Noumea Convention
|
609 |
|
1991 Espoo Convention
|
610 |
|
2003 Strategic Environmental Assessment Protocol
|
613 |
|
1991 Antarctic Environment Protocol
|
614 |
|
1992 Biodiversity Convention
|
615 |
|
Risk assessment procedures
|
616 |
|
World Bank and other multilateral lending institutions
|
617 |
|
International cases
|
619 |
|
Conclusions
|
622 |
|
15 Environmental information
|
624 |
|
Introduction
|
624 |
|
Information exchange
|
626 |
|
Reporting and provision of information
|
629 |
|
Reports by organisations
|
630 |
|
Reports under treaties or other agreements
|
630 |
|
Reports of events other than emergencies
|
633 |
|
Information to and from non-state organisations
|
635 |
|
Consultation
|
636 |
|
Prior informed consent
|
638 |
|
Notification of emergency situations
|
639 |
|
Nuclear accidents
|
641 |
|
1986 Notification Convention
|
643 |
|
Monitoring and other information gathering
|
644 |
|
Treaty arrangements
|
646 |
|
Access to environmental information and public participation
|
648 |
|
1992 OSPAR Convention
|
650 |
|
1993 Lugano Civil Liability Convention
|
651 |
|
1998 Aarhus Convention
|
652 |
|
2003 Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers
|
655 |
|
Public education and awareness
|
657 |
|
Eco-labelling
|
658 |
|
Eco-auditing and accounting
|
659 |
|
Environmental accounting
|
660 |
|
Environmental auditing
|
662 |
|
Conclusions
|
662 |
|
16 Financial resources, technology transfer and intellectual property
|
665 |
|
Introduction
|
665 |
|
Financial resources and mechanisms
|
666 |
|
Overseas development assistance
|
667 |
|
Multilateral development banks
|
668 |
|
World Bank
|
669 |
|
Regional and sub-regional development banks
|
671 |
|
Environment funds
|
674 |
|
UNEP Environment Fund
|
674 |
|
World Heritage Fund
|
675 |
|
Wetland Conservation Fund
|
675 |
|
Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund
|
675 |
|
Global Environment Facility
|
676 |
|
Technology transfer and technical assistance
|
679 |
|
Treaty provisions
|
681 |
|
The ozone regime
|
682 |
|
Biodiversity Convention
|
683 |
|
2010 Nagoya Protocol
|
684 |
|
Climate Change Convention and Kyoto Protocol
|
685 |
|
Intellectual property
|
686 |
|
Technology transfer
|
687 |
|
Patents and other rights
|
690 |
|
Traditional knowledge
|
695 |
|
Conclusions
|
697 |
|
17 Liability for environmental damage
|
700 |
|
Introduction
|
700 |
|
State liability
|
702 |
|
Introduction
|
702 |
|
General international law
|
705 |
|
Defining environmental damage
|
706 |
|
Threshold at which environmental damage entails liability
|
708 |
|
Standard of care
|
711 |
|
Reparation
|
714 |
|
State practice
|
717 |
|
UN Compensation Commission
|
720 |
|
International crimes
|
725 |
|
Treaties
|
727 |
|
1972 Space Liability Convention
|
727 |
|
1979 LRTAP Convention
|
729 |
|
1982 UNCLOS
|
729 |
|
1988 CRAMRA and 1991 Antarctic Environmental Protocol
|
733 |
|
1992 Climate Change Convention
|
734 |
|
The work of the International Law Commission
|
734 |
|
Civil liability for environmental damage under international law
|
737 |
|
Nuclear installations
|
738 |
|
1960 Paris Convention
|
739 |
|
1963 Vienna Convention
|
742 |
|
1988 Joint Protocol
|
745 |
|
Oil pollution
|
745 |
|
1992 Civil Liability Convention
|
746 |
|
The 1992 Fund Convention
|
748 |
|
2001 Bunker Oil Convention
|
755 |
|
Private compensation schemes
|
755 |
|
Marine environment
|
756 |
|
Waste
|
757 |
|
Transport
|
759 |
|
Antarctic
|
760 |
|
1988 CRAMRA
|
760 |
|
1991 Antarctic Environment Protocol
|
761 |
|
Biodiversity
|
764 |
|
General instruments relating to dangerous goods or activities
|
766 |
|
Council of Europe
|
766 |
|
UNECE
|
770 |
|
Conclusions
|
771 |
|
Part IV Linkage of international environmental law and other areas of international law
|
773 |
|
18 Human rights and armed conflict
|
775 |
|
International human rights
|
775 |
|
Introduction
|
775 |
|
Development of international human rights law
|
777 |
|
Environmental protection and human rights
|
777 |
|
Economic and social rights
|
780 |
|
Civil and political rights
|
787 |
|
War and armed conflict
|
789 |
|
Introduction
|
789 |
|
International environmental law during war and armed conflict
|
790 |
|
International law of war and armed conflict: general rules of environmental protection
|
792 |
|
International law of war and armed conflict: special rules of environmental protection
|
794 |
|
Conclusions
|
797 |
|
19 International trade and competition
|
799 |
|
Introduction
|
799 |
|
Trade measures in international environmental agreements
|
801 |
|
Unilateral environmental measures and international trade
|
806 |
|
WTO/GATT
|
808 |
|
Technical barriers to trade
|
810 |
|
Committee on Trade and the Environment
|
811 |
|
WTO/GATT dispute settlement
|
812 |
|
Reformulated Gasoline case (1996)
|
815 |
|
Shrimp/Turtle cases (1998 and 2001)
|
818 |
|
Asbestos case (2000)
|
824 |
|
Brazil Retreaded Tyres case (2007)
|
827 |
|
Assessment
|
829 |
|
Measures for health and safety protection
|
830 |
|
Beef Hormones
|
832 |
|
Australia Salmon
|
838 |
|
Japan Varietals
|
840 |
|
Japan Apples
|
841 |
|
Australia Apples
|
842 |
|
EC – Biotech
|
844 |
|
Assessment
|
846 |
|
European Union
|
847 |
|
Trade restrictions on environmental grounds: the role of the European Court of Justice
|
848 |
|
Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement
|
852 |
|
North American Free Trade Agreement
|
854 |
|
Agricultural, sanitary and phytosanitary measures
|
855 |
|
Non-technical barriers to trade
|
856 |
|
Competition
|
858 |
|
Institutions and dispute settlement
|
858 |
|
North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation
|
859 |
|
Border Environment Cooperation Commission, and North American Development Bank
|
860 |
|
African Economic Community
|
860 |
|
Competition and subsidies
|
861 |
|
Subsidies
|
862 |
|
Anti-competitive agreements
|
865 |
|
Anti-dumping
|
866 |
|
Conclusions
|
866 |
|
20 Foreign investment
|
869 |
|
Introduction
|
869 |
<
Philippe Sands
University College London
Jacqueline Peel
University of Melbourne
Assisted by:
Adriana Fabra
Universitat de Barcelona
Ruth MacKenzie
University of Westminster
Advance praise: 'The third edition of Principles of International Environmental Law is the ultimate book for all interested in studying this subject. It provides an exhaustive analysis of contemporary international environmental law, from the perspectives of its historical and political development. Written by leading experts with a world-wide reputation, it will be, as its two previous editions were, a must in studies of international environmental law. With a clearer structure than previous editions, it is erudite but accessible and it provides a wealth of information.' Malgosia Fitzmaurice, Queen Mary, University of London
'From its very first edition, this important book has been an indispensable resource for students and practitioners. It provides an accurate account of the development and current state of the law and well organized and comprehensive coverage of key topics. The updated chapters on water, biodiversity, climate change and international trade are particularly welcome. I warmly recommend it to anyone studying international environmental law.' Dr C. P. McKenzie, University of Cambridge
'The third edition of Principles of International Environmental Law is the ultimate book for all interested in studying this subject. Written by leading experts with world-wide reputation, it is erudite but accessible making it a must in studies of international environmental law.' Professor Malgosia Fitzmaurice, Queen Mary, University of London
You may also be interested in these books:
-
- Hong Kong Company Secretary's Practice Manual, 6th Edition
-
List Price:
HKD 1,480.00
HKD 1,435.60
Save HKD 44.40 (3%)
-
- Hong Kong Company Secretary Checklist, 2nd Edition
-
List Price:
HKD 1,380.00
HKD 1,338.60
Save HKD 41.40 (3%)
-
- Hong Kong Civil Procedure 2026 (The White Book)
-
HKD 13,690.00
-
- Hong Kong Civil Court Practice (Desk Edition 2026)
-
List Price:
HKD 4,900.00
HKD 4,165.00
Save HKD 735.00 (15%)
-
- Construction Industry Security of Payment Ordinance in Hong Kong (Hardcopy + e-book)
-
List Price:
HKD 1,700.00
HKD 1,445.00
Save HKD 255.00 (15%)
-
- Criminal Litigation in Hong Kong, 5th Edition (Hardcopy + e-book)
-
List Price:
HKD 1,750.00
HKD 1,697.50
Save HKD 52.50 (3%)
-
- Hong Kong Tax & Accounting Practical Toolkit (Basic Package)
-
HKD 3,639.00
-
- The Hong Kong Company Secretary's Handbook: Practice and Procedure (11th Edition)
-
List Price:
HKD 551.00
HKD 534.47
Save HKD 16.53 (3%)
-
- Civil Litigation in Hong Kong, 7th Edition (Hardcopy + e-book)
-
List Price:
HKD 2,200.00
HKD 1,760.00
Save HKD 440.00 (20%)
-
- Butterworths Hong Kong Company Law Handbook, 27th Edition
-
List Price:
HKD 5,040.00
HKD 4,888.80
Save HKD 151.20 (3%)
-
- Hong Kong Family Court Practice, 5th Edition
-
List Price:
HKD 3,020.00
HKD 2,929.40
Save HKD 90.60 (3%)
-
- Butterworths Hong Kong Discrimination Law Handbook, 4th Edition
-
List Price:
HKD 1,500.00
HKD 1,455.00
Save HKD 45.00 (3%)
-
- Sentencing in Hong Kong, 11th Edition
-
List Price:
HKD 3,580.00
HKD 3,472.60
Save HKD 107.40 (3%)
-
- Butterworths Hong Kong Company Law (Winding-Up and Miscellaneous Provisions) Handbook, 6th Edition
-
List Price:
HKD 2,280.00
HKD 2,211.60
Save HKD 68.40 (3%)
-
- Tort Law in Hong Kong, 5th Edition (Hardcopy + ebook)
-
List Price:
HKD 2,500.00
HKD 2,425.00
Save HKD 75.00 (3%)
-
- Clough & Clough on Personal Injuries
-
List Price:
HKD 1,500.00
HKD 1,455.00
Save HKD 45.00 (3%)
-
- Hong Kong Personal Insolvency Manual, 3rd Edition
-
List Price:
HKD 2,000.00
HKD 1,940.00
Save HKD 60.00 (3%)
-
- Butterworths Hong Kong Conveyancing and Property Law Handbook, 6th Edition
-
List Price:
HKD 1,800.00
HKD 1,746.00
Save HKD 54.00 (3%)
-
- A Practical Guide to Resolving Shareholder Disputes, 2nd Edition
-
List Price:
HKD 1,800.00
HKD 1,746.00
Save HKD 54.00 (3%)
-
- Hong Kong Company Law, 15th Edition
-
List Price:
HKD 492.00
HKD 477.24
Save HKD 14.76 (3%)
