Revolution and the Making of the Contemporary Legal Profession England, France and the United States

1: Investigating a Fateful Encounter

Utopian Ideals and Revolutionary Practice

Two Contested and Honorific Concepts - Revolution and Profession

Why Do Professionals Behave the Way They Do?

What Have They Actually Done, or Tried To Do?

The Framework of the Investigation, the Evidence and its Presentation

2: Ideal and Myth in the Lives of French Advocates

The Formation of a State and of a Profession

Reconsidering the 'Triumph of the Professionals'

...And the 'Demise' of Advocates Before the Revolution

The Original Revolutionary Design: Act I

Terror and Thermidor: Act II

Napoleon's Selections, Innovations, and Synthesis: Act III

Return of the Advocates and Their Orders

Why was the Profession Destroyed?

Cycles of Constitutionalism, Repression, and Revolution

Bourbon Beginnings 1815 - 30

Orleanist Reprise 1830 - 48

Napoleanic Coda 1848 - 70

The Original Revolutionary Design Re-Enacted, Paris 1871

Marx's Nightmare and Tocqueville's Theatre

A Protracted and Reluctant Return to Normalcy

Schools, Stage, and Invisible Barriers

A Jurisdiction Defined by Incompatibilités and Plaidoiries

Alter Ego Tries to Change Advocates' Behaviour

Three Threats to Absolute Independence

An Anachronistic Sense of Humour

Myth and Irony in the Career of a Super-Profession

3: Practitioners vs. Legislators and Professors in the United States

A Journey from Utopia Back to England - Lawyers in the Colonies

The Revolution Controlled, for the Most Part

The Massachusetts Electorate Interprets the Revolution

Other States, Other Interpretations

Removing Restrictions on Legal Practice

The Collapse of Bar Associations and the Philadelphia Exception

Elected Judges and Codes Complete Americanization

Was it Capitalism, the Frontier or the Revolution?

Three Stages of Reconstruction

What had Changed During the Interregnum?

Practitioners vs. Professors and Legislators

Practitioners Search for an Effective Form of Government

An Undependable Ally: the Judiciary

Aother Undependable Ally: the Law Schools

Explaining Unethical and Innovative Behaviour

An Asymmetrical and Ever-Expanding Jurisdiction

How a 'Body' Became a Ladder

Failure or Success? Some Clues from Philadelphia

4: Learned Friends and Gentlemen in England - Beneficiaries of the Glorious Revolution

Confused Candidates in a Marketplace

Strange Bodies - the Inns Before the Revolution

The Trauma and the Tremor

Searching the Inns and the Courts

Explaining the Failure of the Revolutionary Movement

An Infrastructure of Absolutism is Created by Writs

...And Destroyed by 'the Greatest Thing Done by the English Nation'

The Medieval Corporation then Advances into the Modern World

Pupillages and Articles

Hedges, Honour and Markets

Little Republics, Little Commonwealths

Spinning Webs of Mutual Restraint

Status Rivals and Allies

Industrialization, Democracy, and the Unwritten Constitution

Is Professional Power an Adequate Explanation?

Thatcher and a Turbulent Tercentenary

The Discrediting of Self-Governing Communities

5: Comparing Professions and Societies

The Kinship of Old Regime Lawyers

Facing Common Revolutionary Aspirations

Diverging Paths into the Modern World

An Unmistakeable and Inconvenient Conclusion

An Ancien Régime Guide to French Modernity

A Slice of the American Dream

M'Learned Friends Illustrate Englishness