International Law

Sex in Peace Operations

By Gabrielle Simm
Cambridge University Press April 2013

Specifications

ISBN-13
9781107030329
Publisher
Cambridge University Press
Publication
April 2013
Format
Hardback , 247 pages
Jurisdiction
International ? Countri(es) for reference only

Details

Gabrielle Simm's critical re-evaluation of sex between international personnel and local people examines the zero tolerance policy on sexual exploitation and abuse and its international legal framework. Whereas most preceding studies of the issue have focused exclusively on military peacekeepers, Sex in Peace Operations also covers the private military contractors and humanitarian NGO workers who play increasingly important roles in peace operations. Informed by socio-legal studies, Simm uses three case studies (Bosnia, West Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo) to illustrate the extent of the problem and demonstrate that the problems of impunity for sexual crimes are not just a failure of political will but the result of the structural weaknesses of international law in addressing non-state actors. Combining the insights of feminist critique with a regulatory approach to international law, her conclusions will interest scholars of international law, peace and conflict studies, gender and sexuality, and development.

• Covers the main actors in peace operations, including humanitarian NGO workers and private military contractors in addition to the usual discussion of military peacekeepers • Takes a fresh approach to a long-standing problem by using the socio-legal approach of regulatory studies

• Sheds new light on the regulation of non-state actors by exploring how gender and sex affect regulation

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments
vii
Table of cases
viii
Table of treaties and international instruments
x
List of abbreviations
xii
1             Introduction
1
1.1           DynCorp private military contractors in Bosnia
2
1.2           Context and scope
6
1.3           Why sex in peace operations? Why regulation?
11
1.4           A feminist regulatory framework
16
1.5           Chapter outline
21
2             Regulating peacekeeping: a feminist framework
24
2.1           Introduction
24
2.2           Peacekeeping
25
2.3           Feminist engagements
33
2.4           Regulatory studies
40
2.5           Conclusion
52
3             Law as regulation: jurisdiction, immunity and international responsibility
54
3.1           Introduction
54
3.2           Jurisdiction
56
3.3           Responsibility of states and international organisations
64
3.4           Immunity
77
3.5           Conclusion
85
4             ‘Above the law’: sex trafficking by private military contractors in Bosnia
88
4.1           Introduction
88
4.2           DynCorp contractors trafficking women into forced prostitution in Bosnia
90
4.3           Regulating PMSCs
95
4.4           Trafficking in persons
109
4.5           Conclusion
116
5             Aid for sex: humanitarian NGO workers in West Africa
119
5.1           Introduction
119
5.2           The West African ‘aid for sex’ scandal
121
5.3           Regulating humanitarian NGOs
124
5.4           Transactional sex
139
5.5           Conclusion
146
6             ‘Zero compliance with zero tolerance’: UN peacekeepers in the DRC
149
6.1           Introduction
149
6.2           The MONUC sex scandal
151
6.3           Regulating UN peacekeepers
158
6.4           Sexual abuse and sexual relationships
166
6.5           Conclusion
175
7             Conclusion
178
7.1           Introduction
178
7.2           Regulating sex in peace operations
179
7.3           The subjects of international law
184
7.4           Regulating international law
189
7.5           Sexing regulation
191
Bibliography
195
Index
222

About the Author

Gabrielle Simm
University of New South Wales, Sydney

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