Preface
|
xv |
List of Figures
|
xvii |
List of Tables
|
xviii |
List of Abbreviations
|
xix |
Table of Cases
|
xxi |
Table of Treaties and Instruments
|
xxv |
Part I The Divided Oceans: International Law Governing Jurisdictional Zones
|
1 |
1 The Law of the sea in perspective
|
3 |
1 Introduction
|
3 |
1.1 General considerations
|
3 |
1.2 Functions of the law of the sea
|
4 |
2 Marine spaces in the law of the sea
|
5 |
2.1 Scope of the oceans in the law of the sea
|
5 |
2.2 Typology of marine spaces
|
5 |
3 Sources of the international law of the sea
|
8 |
3.1 Formal sources
|
8 |
3.2 Material sources
|
13 |
4 Principles of the international law of the sea
|
16 |
4.1 Principle of freedom
|
16 |
4.2 Principle of sovereignty
|
17 |
4.3 Principle of the common heritage of mankind
|
19 |
5 The codification of the law of the sea
|
20 |
5.1 The Hague Conference for the Codification of International Law (1930)
|
20 |
5.2 The First UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (1958)
|
21 |
5.3 The Second UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (1960)
|
24 |
5.4 The Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (1973–1982)
|
24 |
6 Outline of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
|
30 |
6.1 General considerations
|
30 |
6.2 Principal features of the Convention
|
31 |
7 Development after UNCLOS III
|
32 |
7.1 General considerations
|
32 |
7.2 Adoption of two Implementation Agreements
|
33 |
7.3 De facto amendment of the LOSC through Meetings of States Parties
|
34 |
7.4 Development of the law of the sea through international organisations
|
35 |
8 Conclusions
|
37 |
2 Baselines and related issues
|
43 |
1 Introduction
|
43 |
2 Baselines
|
44 |
2.1 Normal baselines
|
44 |
2.2 Straight baselines
|
45 |
2.3 Juridical bays
|
53 |
2.4 Historic bays
|
56 |
2.5 Bays bordered by more than one State
|
59 |
2.6 River mouths
|
60 |
2.7 Ports
|
61 |
3 Islands
|
62 |
3.1 Nature of the problem
|
62 |
3.2 Geological elements of islands
|
63 |
3.3 Socio-economic elements of islands
|
64 |
3.4 Customary law nature of Article 121
|
67 |
3.5 Reefs
|
68 |
4 Low-tide elevations
|
69 |
4.1 Identification of low-tide elevations
|
69 |
4.2 Case law concerning low-tide elevations
|
70 |
5 Conclusions
|
72 |
3 Marine spaces under national jurisdiction I: territorial sovereignty
|
76 |
1 Introduction
|
76 |
2 Internal waters
|
77 |
2.1 Spatial scope of internal waters
|
77 |
2.2 Legal status of internal waters
|
78 |
2.3 Jurisdiction of the coastal State over foreign vessels in internal waters
|
78 |
2.4 Access to ports
|
80 |
2.5 Ships in distress at sea
|
81 |
3 Territorial sea
|
83 |
3.1 Legal status of the territorial sea
|
83 |
3.2 The right of innocent passage
|
85 |
3.3 The right of innocent passage of warships
|
88 |
3.4 The right of innocent passage of foreign nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying inherently dangerous or noxious substances
|
92 |
3.5 The rights of the coastal State concerning innocent passage
|
93 |
3.6 The obligations of the coastal State concerning innocent passage
|
95 |
4 International straits
|
96 |
4.1 Legal framework for international straits prior to 1982
|
96 |
4.2 Typology of international straits under the LOSC
|
97 |
4.3 International straits under Part III of the LOSC
|
97 |
4.4 International straits outside the scope of Part III of the LOSC
|
100 |
4.5 The right of transit passage
|
102 |
4.6 Rights and obligations of coastal States bordering straits
|
104 |
4.7 Customary law character of the right of transit passage
|
106 |
4.8 Non-suspendable innocent passage
|
107 |
4.9 Legality of creation of bridges in international straits
|
107 |
5 Archipelagic waters
|
108 |
5.1 General considerations
|
108 |
5.2 Definition of an archipelago, archipelagic States and archipelagic waters
|
109 |
5.3 Archipelagic baselines
|
110 |
5.4 Jurisdiction of archipelagic States over archipelagic waters
|
112 |
5.5 The right of innocent passage through archipelagic waters
|
113 |
5.6 The right of archipelagic sea lanes passage
|
114 |
5.7 Rights and obligations of an archipelagic State
|
116 |
6 Conclusions
|
116 |
4 Marine spaces under national jurisdiction II: sovereign rights
|
120 |
1 Introduction
|
120 |
2 Contiguous zone
|
121 |
2.1 The concept of the contiguous zone
|
121 |
2.2 Coastal State jurisdiction over the contiguous zone
|
122 |
3 Exclusive economic zone
|
124 |
3.1 Genesis of the concept of the EEZ
|
124 |
3.2 Legal status of the EEZ
|
125 |
3.3 Sovereign rights over the EEZ
|
126 |
3.4 Jurisdiction of coastal States over the EEZ
|
128 |
3.5 Freedoms of third States
|
130 |
3.6 Residual rights
|
131 |
4 Continental shelf
|
132 |
4.1 Genesis of the concept of the continental shelf
|
132 |
4.2 Spatial scope of the continental shelf
|
133 |
4.3 Criteria for determining the outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles
|
135 |
4.4 The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
|
138 |
4.5 Procedures to establish the outer limits of the continental shelf
|
139 |
4.6 Payments concerning the exploitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles
|
141 |
4.7 The sovereign rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf
|
142 |
4.8 Freedoms of third States
|
144 |
5 Conclusions
|
146 |
5 Marine spaces beyond national jurisdiction
|
149 |
1 Introduction
|
149 |
2 The high seas
|
150 |
2.1 Spatial scope of the high seas
|
150 |
2.2 Principle of the freedom of the high seas
|
150 |
2.3 Principle of the exclusive jurisdiction of the flag State
|
152 |
2.4 The nationality of a ship
|
155 |
2.5 Problems associated with flags of convenience
|
157 |
2.6 Exceptions to the exclusive jurisdiction of the flag State (1): the right of visit
|
159 |
2.7 Exceptions to the exclusive jurisdiction of the flag State (2): the right of hot pursuit
|
163 |
2.8 Exceptional measures
|
167 |
3 The Area
|
170 |
3.1 General considerations
|
170 |
3.2 Spatial scope of the Area
|
170 |
3.3 Raison d’être of the principle of the common heritage of mankind
|
171 |
3.4 Elements of the principle of the common heritage of mankind
|
172 |
3.5 International Seabed Authority
|
173 |
3.6 System for the exploration and exploitation of resources of the Area
|
177 |
3.7 The 1994 Implementation Agreement
|
178 |
3.8 Evaluation
|
182 |
4 Conclusions
|
183 |
6 Maritime delimitation
|
186 |
1 Introduction
|
186 |
2 Concept of maritime delimitation
|
187 |
2.1 Definition
|
187 |
2.2 Typology of maritime delimitation
|
188 |
3 Treaty law concerning maritime delimitation
|
188 |
3.1 The 1958 Geneva Conventions
|
188 |
3.2 The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
|
190 |
4 Development of case law relating to maritime delimitation: two contrasting approaches
|
192 |
4.1 The first phase (1969–1992)
|
192 |
4.2 The second phase (1993–present)
|
194 |
4.3 Commentary
|
197 |
5 Consideration of relevant circumstances (1): geographical factors
|
198 |
5.1 Configuration of coasts
|
198 |
5.2 Proportionality
|
199 |
5.3 Baselines
|
202 |
5.4 Presence of islands
|
204 |
5.5 Geological and geomorphological factors
|
206 |
5.6 Presence of third States
|
206 |
6 Consideration of relevant circumstances (2): non-geographical factors
|
208 |
6.1 Economic factors
|
208 |
6.2 Conduct of the parties
|
210 |
6.3 Historic rights
|
211 |
6.4 Security interests
|
212 |
6.5 Navigational factors
|
212 |
6.6 Environmental factors
|
212 |
7 An evaluation
|
213 |
7.1 General trend of case law
|
213 |
7.2 Judicial creativity in the law of maritime delimitation
|
213 |
8 Conclusions
|
214 |
PART II OUR COMMON OCEAN: PROTECTION OF COMMUNITY INTERESTS AT SEA
|
217 |
7 Conservation of marine living resources
|
219 |
1 Introduction
|
219 |
2 Conservation of marine living resources prior to 1982
|
221 |
3 Conservation of marine living resources under the LOSC (1): the zonal management approach
|
222 |
3.1 General considerations
|
222 |
3.2 Conservation of marine living resources in the EEZ
|
223 |
3.3 Conservation of marine living resources in the high seas
|
224 |
3.4 Limits of the zonal management approach
|
226 |
4 Conservation of marine living resources under the LOSC (2): the species specific approach
|
227 |
4.1 Shared and straddling fish stocks
|
227 |
4.2 Highly migratory species
|
228 |
4.3 Marine mammals
|
228 |
4.4 Anadromous stocks
|
232 |
4.5 Catadromous species
|
234 |
4.6 Limits of the species specific approach
|
234 |
5 Development after the LOSC
|
235 |
5.1 The concept of sustainable development
|
235 |
5.2 The ecosystem approach
|
237 |
5.3 The precautionary approach
|
239 |
6 Ensuring compliance
|
242 |
6.1 Flag State responsibility and its limits
|
242 |
6.2 At-sea inspection of vessels of Contracting Parties
|
244 |
6.3 At-sea inspection of non-Contracting Party vessels
|
246 |
6.4 Port inspection of Contracting Party vessels
|
247 |
6.5 Port inspection of non-Contracting Party vessels
|
249 |
7 Conclusions
|
250 |
8 Protection of the marine environment
|
253 |
1 Introduction
|
253 |
2 Typology of marine pollution
|
255 |
2.1 General considerations
|
255 |
2.2 Land-based marine pollution
|
256 |
2.3 Vessel-source marine pollution
|
257 |
2.4 Dumping at sea
|
258 |
2.5 Pollution from seabed activities
|
259 |
3 Legal framework for marine environmental protection prior to 1982
|
260 |
3.1 Customary law
|
260 |
3.2 Treaty law
|
262 |
4 Protection of the marine environment in the LOSC
|
262 |
4.1 Generality and comprehensiveness
|
263 |
4.2 Uniformity of rules
|
264 |
4.3 Obligation to cooperate in the protection of the marine environment
|
265 |
5 Regulation of land-based marine pollution
|
266 |
5.1 Limits of the global legal framework
|
266 |
5.2 Development of regional treaties
|
269 |
5.3 Identification of harmful substances
|
270 |
5.4 Precautionary approach
|
272 |
5.5 Environmental impact assessment
|
272 |
5.6 International control
|
274 |
6 Regulation of vessel-source marine pollution
|
276 |
6.1 MARPOL
|
276 |
6.2 The LOSC regime (1): regulation by flag States
|
280 |
6.3 The LOSC regime (2): regulation by coastal States
|
281 |
6.4 The LOSC regime (3): regulation by port States
|
283 |
6.5 Port State Control
|
285 |
6.6 Intervention by coastal States in the case of pollution casualties
|
287 |
6.7 Pollution emergencies at sea
|
289 |
6.8 Liability for oil pollution damage
|
291 |
6.9 Liability for other pollution damage
|
295 |
7 Dumping at sea
|
298 |
7.1 Regulation of dumping at sea under the LOSC
|
298 |
7.2 The 1972 London Dumping Convention and the 1996 Protocol
|
299 |
7.3 Regional treaties
|
300 |
7.4 Ocean sequestration and fertilisation
|
301 |
8 Regulation of pollution from seabed activities
|
302 |
8.1 Marine pollution arising from seabed activities under national jurisdiction
|
302 |
8.2 Marine pollution arising from seabed activities in the Area
|
303 |
9 Environmental protection of ice-covered areas
|
305 |
10 Conclusions
|
307 |
9 Conservation of marine biological diversity
|
312 |
1 Introduction
|
312 |
2 Principal approaches to conservation of marine biological diversity
|
314 |
2.1 General considerations
|
314 |
2.2 Three approaches
|
314 |
3 Global legal frameworks for the conservation of marine biological diversity
|
316 |
3.1 The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
|
316 |
3.2 The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity
|
319 |
4 Marine Protected Areas
|
324 |
4.1 General considerations
|
324 |
4.2 Typology of MPAs in international law
|
325 |
4.3 MPAs in the high seas
|
328 |
4.4 Limits of MPAs
|
332 |
5 Conclusions
|
332 |
10 Marine scientific research
|
335 |
1 Introduction
|
335 |
2 The concept of marine scientific research
|
336 |
3 Regulation of marine scientific research in the LOSC
|
338 |
3.1 General considerations
|
338 |
3.2 Marine scientific research in marine spaces under national jurisdiction
|
339 |
3.3 Marine scientific research in marine spaces beyond national jurisdiction
|
341 |
3.4 Regulation of scientific research installations
|
342 |
4 Legality of military and hydrographic surveys in the EEZ
|
344 |
5 International cooperation in marine scientific research
|
346 |
6 Transfer of technology
|
347 |
6.1 Transfer of technology under the LOSC
|
347 |
6.2 IOC criteria and guidelines on the transfer of marine technology
|
349 |
7 Conclusions
|
350 |
11 Maintenance of international peace and security at sea
|
353 |
1 Introduction
|
353 |
2 The suppression of piracy
|
354 |
2.1 Concept of piracy
|
354 |
2.2 Seizure of pirates
|
357 |
2.3 The role of the UN Security Council in counter-piracy operations
|
360 |
3 Regulation of unlawful offences and weapons of mass destruction at sea
|
361 |
3.1 The 2005 SUA Convention
|
361 |
3.2 Proliferation security initiative
|
365 |
3.3 United Nations interdictions at sea
|
367 |
4 Military exercises in the EEZ
|
367 |
5 Regulation of nuclear weapons at sea
|
370 |
6 Conclusions
|
372 |
12 Land-locked and geographically disadvantaged states
|
376 |
1 Introduction
|
376 |
2 Land-locked States and access to the sea
|
378 |
2.1 Legal regime prior to the LOSC
|
378 |
2.2 Legal regime of the LOSC
|
380 |
3 The navigational rights of land-locked States
|
382 |
4 Land-locked and geographically disadvantaged States and uses of the oceans
|
383 |
4.1 Fishing rights
|
383 |
4.2 Exploitation of non-living resources in the oceans
|
385 |
4.3 Marine scientific research
|
386 |
5 Conclusions
|
387 |
13 Peaceful settlement of international disputes
|
390 |
1 Introduction
|
390 |
2 Basic structure of dispute settlement procedures in the LOSC
|
391 |
2.1 General considerations
|
391 |
2.2 The interlinkage between voluntary and compulsory procedures for dispute settlement
|
393 |
2.3 Voluntary conciliation
|
397 |
3 Compulsory procedures for dispute settlement
|
398 |
3.1 Multiplicity of forums
|
398 |
3.2 Limitations to the compulsory procedures
|
400 |
3.3 Optional exceptions to the compulsory procedures
|
402 |
4 The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (1): Organisation
|
404 |
4.1 Members of ITLOS
|
404 |
4.2 The Seabed Disputes Chamber
|
407 |
4.3 Special chambers
|
408 |
5 The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (2): Procedure
|
409 |
5.1 Jurisdiction of ITLOS
|
409 |
5.2 Applicable law
|
410 |
5.3 Proceedings before ITLOS
|
410 |
5.4 Incidental proceedings
|
410 |
5.5 Judgment
|
414 |
5.6 Advisory proceedings
|
415 |
5.7 Prompt release procedure
|
417 |
6 Conclusions
|
420 |
Index
|
424 |