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The International Law of the Sea

The International Law of the Sea

  • Author:
  • Publisher: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN: 9780521279529
  • Published In: April 2012
  • Format: Paperback , 504 pages
  • Jurisdiction: International ? Disclaimer:
    Countri(es) stated herein are used as reference only
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    The law of the sea is a complex and fascinating subject. This textbook explores the subject from the perspective of public international law, covering all the key topics from the legal regimes governing the different jurisdictional zones, to international co-operation for protection of the marine environment. Students interested in international environmental and natural resources law will find chapters on emerging issues such as the conservation and the protection of natural resources and biodiversity in the oceans. It includes student-friendly features such as chapter overviews, conclusions, figures and tables and further reading sections. Clarity of expression, engaging analysis and comprehensive coverage make this book essential reading for all students of the law of the sea.

    • In-depth coverage of all key topics in the law of the sea - Part I looks at the classic role of the law of the sea, while Part II looks at newer uses for the law such as protection and the peaceful resolution of disputes

    • Looks at emerging environmental issues such as conservation and the protection of natural resources and biodiversity in the oceans for students interested in international environmental and natural resources law

    • Highlights the importance of international co-operation in the way the oceans are governed

    • Includes student-friendly features such as chapter introductions, figures and tables and further reading sections

  • Preface
    xv
    List of Figures
    xvii
    List of Tables
    xviii
    List of Abbreviations
    xix
    Table of Cases
    xxi
    Table of Treaties and Instruments
    xxv
    Part I    The Divided Oceans: International Law Governing Jurisdictional Zones
    1
    1         The Law of the sea in perspective
    3
    1         Introduction
    3
    1.1       General considerations
    3
    1.2       Functions of the law of the sea
    4
    2         Marine spaces in the law of the sea
    5
    2.1       Scope of the oceans in the law of the sea
    5
    2.2       Typology of marine spaces
    5
    3         Sources of the international law of the sea
    8
    3.1       Formal sources
    8
    3.2       Material sources
    13
    4         Principles of the international law of the sea
    16
    4.1       Principle of freedom
    16
    4.2       Principle of sovereignty
    17
    4.3       Principle of the common heritage of mankind
    19
    5         The codification of the law of the sea
    20
    5.1       The Hague Conference for the Codification of International Law (1930)
    20
    5.2       The First UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (1958)
    21
    5.3       The Second UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (1960)
    24
    5.4       The Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (1973–1982)
    24
    6         Outline of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
    30
    6.1       General considerations
    30
    6.2       Principal features of the Convention
    31
    7         Development after UNCLOS III
    32
    7.1       General considerations
    32
    7.2       Adoption of two Implementation Agreements
    33
    7.3       De facto amendment of the LOSC through Meetings of States Parties
    34
    7.4       Development of the law of the sea through international organisations
    35
    8         Conclusions
    37
    2         Baselines and related issues
    43
    1         Introduction
    43
    2         Baselines
    44
    2.1       Normal baselines
    44
    2.2       Straight baselines
    45
    2.3       Juridical bays
    53
    2.4       Historic bays
    56
    2.5       Bays bordered by more than one State
    59
    2.6       River mouths
    60
    2.7       Ports
    61
    3         Islands
    62
    3.1       Nature of the problem
    62
    3.2       Geological elements of islands
    63
    3.3       Socio-economic elements of islands
    64
    3.4       Customary law nature of Article 121
    67
    3.5       Reefs
    68
    4         Low-tide elevations
    69
    4.1       Identification of low-tide elevations
    69
    4.2       Case law concerning low-tide elevations
    70
    5         Conclusions
    72
    3         Marine spaces under national jurisdiction I: territorial sovereignty
    76
    1         Introduction
    76
    2         Internal waters
    77
    2.1       Spatial scope of internal waters
    77
    2.2       Legal status of internal waters
    78
    2.3       Jurisdiction of the coastal State over foreign vessels in internal waters
    78
    2.4       Access to ports
    80
    2.5       Ships in distress at sea
    81
    3         Territorial sea
    83
    3.1       Legal status of the territorial sea
    83
    3.2       The right of innocent passage
    85
    3.3       The right of innocent passage of warships
    88
    3.4       The right of innocent passage of foreign nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying inherently dangerous or noxious substances
    92
    3.5       The rights of the coastal State concerning innocent passage
    93
    3.6       The obligations of the coastal State concerning innocent passage
    95
    4         International straits
    96
    4.1       Legal framework for international straits prior to 1982
    96
    4.2       Typology of international straits under the LOSC
    97
    4.3       International straits under Part III of the LOSC
    97
    4.4       International straits outside the scope of Part III of the LOSC
    100
    4.5       The right of transit passage
    102
    4.6       Rights and obligations of coastal States bordering straits
    104
    4.7       Customary law character of the right of transit passage
    106
    4.8       Non-suspendable innocent passage
    107
    4.9       Legality of creation of bridges in international straits
    107
    5         Archipelagic waters
    108
    5.1       General considerations
    108
    5.2       Definition of an archipelago, archipelagic States and archipelagic waters
    109
    5.3       Archipelagic baselines
    110
    5.4       Jurisdiction of archipelagic States over archipelagic waters
    112
    5.5       The right of innocent passage through archipelagic waters
    113
    5.6       The right of archipelagic sea lanes passage
    114
    5.7       Rights and obligations of an archipelagic State
    116
    6         Conclusions
    116
    4         Marine spaces under national jurisdiction II: sovereign rights
    120
    1         Introduction
    120
    2         Contiguous zone
    121
    2.1       The concept of the contiguous zone
    121
    2.2       Coastal State jurisdiction over the contiguous zone
    122
    3         Exclusive economic zone
    124
    3.1       Genesis of the concept of the EEZ
    124
    3.2       Legal status of the EEZ
    125
    3.3       Sovereign rights over the EEZ
    126
    3.4       Jurisdiction of coastal States over the EEZ
    128
    3.5       Freedoms of third States
    130
    3.6       Residual rights
    131
    4         Continental shelf
    132
    4.1       Genesis of the concept of the continental shelf
    132
    4.2       Spatial scope of the continental shelf
    133
    4.3       Criteria for determining the outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles
    135
    4.4       The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
    138
    4.5       Procedures to establish the outer limits of the continental shelf
    139
    4.6       Payments concerning the exploitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles
    141
    4.7       The sovereign rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf
    142
    4.8       Freedoms of third States
    144
    5         Conclusions
    146
    5         Marine spaces beyond national jurisdiction
    149
    1         Introduction
    149
    2         The high seas
    150
    2.1       Spatial scope of the high seas
    150
    2.2       Principle of the freedom of the high seas
    150
    2.3       Principle of the exclusive jurisdiction of the flag State
    152
    2.4       The nationality of a ship
    155
    2.5       Problems associated with flags of convenience
    157
    2.6       Exceptions to the exclusive jurisdiction of the flag State (1): the right of visit
    159
    2.7       Exceptions to the exclusive jurisdiction of the flag State (2): the right of hot pursuit
    163
    2.8       Exceptional measures
    167
    3         The Area
    170
    3.1       General considerations
    170
    3.2       Spatial scope of the Area
    170
    3.3       Raison d’être of the principle of the common heritage of mankind
    171
    3.4       Elements of the principle of the common heritage of mankind
    172
    3.5       International Seabed Authority
    173
    3.6       System for the exploration and exploitation of resources of the Area
    177
    3.7       The 1994 Implementation Agreement
    178
    3.8       Evaluation
    182
    4         Conclusions
    183
    6         Maritime delimitation
    186
    1         Introduction
    186
    2         Concept of maritime delimitation
    187
    2.1       Definition
    187
    2.2       Typology of maritime delimitation
    188
    3         Treaty law concerning maritime delimitation
    188
    3.1       The 1958 Geneva Conventions
    188
    3.2       The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
    190
    4         Development of case law relating to maritime delimitation: two contrasting approaches
    192
    4.1       The first phase (1969–1992)
    192
    4.2       The second phase (1993–present)
    194
    4.3       Commentary
    197
    5         Consideration of relevant circumstances (1): geographical factors
    198
    5.1       Configuration of coasts
    198
    5.2       Proportionality
    199
    5.3       Baselines
    202
    5.4       Presence of islands
    204
    5.5       Geological and geomorphological factors
    206
    5.6       Presence of third States
    206
    6         Consideration of relevant circumstances (2): non-geographical factors
    208
    6.1       Economic factors
    208
    6.2       Conduct of the parties
    210
    6.3       Historic rights
    211
    6.4       Security interests
    212
    6.5       Navigational factors
    212
    6.6       Environmental factors
    212
    7         An evaluation
    213
    7.1       General trend of case law
    213
    7.2       Judicial creativity in the law of maritime delimitation
    213
    8         Conclusions
    214
    PART II   OUR COMMON OCEAN: PROTECTION OF COMMUNITY INTERESTS AT SEA
    217
    7         Conservation of marine living resources
    219
    1         Introduction
    219
    2         Conservation of marine living resources prior to 1982
    221
    3         Conservation of marine living resources under the LOSC (1): the zonal management approach
    222
    3.1       General considerations
    222
    3.2       Conservation of marine living resources in the EEZ
    223
    3.3       Conservation of marine living resources in the high seas
    224
    3.4       Limits of the zonal management approach
    226
    4         Conservation of marine living resources under the LOSC (2): the species specific approach
    227
    4.1       Shared and straddling fish stocks
    227
    4.2       Highly migratory species
    228
    4.3       Marine mammals
    228
    4.4       Anadromous stocks
    232
    4.5       Catadromous species
    234
    4.6       Limits of the species specific approach
    234
    5         Development after the LOSC
    235
    5.1       The concept of sustainable development
    235
    5.2       The ecosystem approach
    237
    5.3       The precautionary approach
    239
    6         Ensuring compliance
    242
    6.1       Flag State responsibility and its limits
    242
    6.2       At-sea inspection of vessels of Contracting Parties
    244
    6.3       At-sea inspection of non-Contracting Party vessels
    246
    6.4       Port inspection of Contracting Party vessels
    247
    6.5       Port inspection of non-Contracting Party vessels
    249
    7         Conclusions
    250
    8         Protection of the marine environment
    253
    1         Introduction
    253
    2         Typology of marine pollution
    255
    2.1       General considerations
    255
    2.2       Land-based marine pollution
    256
    2.3       Vessel-source marine pollution
    257
    2.4       Dumping at sea
    258
    2.5       Pollution from seabed activities
    259
    3         Legal framework for marine environmental protection prior to 1982
    260
    3.1       Customary law
    260
    3.2       Treaty law
    262
    4         Protection of the marine environment in the LOSC
    262
    4.1       Generality and comprehensiveness
    263
    4.2       Uniformity of rules
    264
    4.3       Obligation to cooperate in the protection of the marine environment
    265
    5         Regulation of land-based marine pollution
    266
    5.1       Limits of the global legal framework
    266
    5.2       Development of regional treaties
    269
    5.3       Identification of harmful substances
    270
    5.4       Precautionary approach
    272
    5.5       Environmental impact assessment
    272
    5.6       International control
    274
    6         Regulation of vessel-source marine pollution
    276
    6.1       MARPOL
    276
    6.2       The LOSC regime (1): regulation by flag States
    280
    6.3       The LOSC regime (2): regulation by coastal States
    281
    6.4       The LOSC regime (3): regulation by port States
    283
    6.5       Port State Control
    285
    6.6       Intervention by coastal States in the case of pollution casualties
    287
    6.7       Pollution emergencies at sea
    289
    6.8       Liability for oil pollution damage
    291
    6.9       Liability for other pollution damage
    295
    7         Dumping at sea
    298
    7.1       Regulation of dumping at sea under the LOSC
    298
    7.2       The 1972 London Dumping Convention and the 1996 Protocol
    299
    7.3       Regional treaties
    300
    7.4       Ocean sequestration and fertilisation
    301
    8         Regulation of pollution from seabed activities
    302
    8.1       Marine pollution arising from seabed activities under national jurisdiction
    302
    8.2       Marine pollution arising from seabed activities in the Area
    303
    9         Environmental protection of ice-covered areas
    305
    10        Conclusions
    307
    9         Conservation of marine biological diversity
    312
    1         Introduction
    312
    2         Principal approaches to conservation of marine biological diversity
    314
    2.1       General considerations
    314
    2.2       Three approaches
    314
    3         Global legal frameworks for the conservation of marine biological diversity
    316
    3.1       The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
    316
    3.2       The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity
    319
    4         Marine Protected Areas
    324
    4.1       General considerations
    324
    4.2       Typology of MPAs in international law
    325
    4.3       MPAs in the high seas
    328
    4.4       Limits of MPAs
    332
    5         Conclusions
    332
    10        Marine scientific research
    335
    1         Introduction
    335
    2         The concept of marine scientific research
    336
    3         Regulation of marine scientific research in the LOSC
    338
    3.1       General considerations
    338
    3.2       Marine scientific research in marine spaces under national jurisdiction
    339
    3.3       Marine scientific research in marine spaces beyond national jurisdiction
    341
    3.4       Regulation of scientific research installations
    342
    4         Legality of military and hydrographic surveys in the EEZ
    344
    5         International cooperation in marine scientific research
    346
    6         Transfer of technology
    347
    6.1       Transfer of technology under the LOSC
    347
    6.2       IOC criteria and guidelines on the transfer of marine technology
    349
    7         Conclusions
    350
    11        Maintenance of international peace and security at sea
    353
    1         Introduction
    353
    2         The suppression of piracy
    354
    2.1       Concept of piracy
    354
    2.2       Seizure of pirates
    357
    2.3       The role of the UN Security Council in counter-piracy operations
    360
    3         Regulation of unlawful offences and weapons of mass destruction at sea
    361
    3.1       The 2005 SUA Convention
    361
    3.2       Proliferation security initiative
    365
    3.3       United Nations interdictions at sea
    367
    4         Military exercises in the EEZ
    367
    5         Regulation of nuclear weapons at sea
    370
    6         Conclusions
    372
    12        Land-locked and geographically disadvantaged states
    376
    1         Introduction
    376
    2         Land-locked States and access to the sea
    378
    2.1       Legal regime prior to the LOSC
    378
    2.2       Legal regime of the LOSC
    380
    3         The navigational rights of land-locked States
    382
    4         Land-locked and geographically disadvantaged States and uses of the oceans
    383
    4.1       Fishing rights
    383
    4.2       Exploitation of non-living resources in the oceans
    385
    4.3       Marine scientific research
    386
    5         Conclusions
    387
    13        Peaceful settlement of international disputes
    390
    1         Introduction
    390
    2         Basic structure of dispute settlement procedures in the LOSC
    391
    2.1       General considerations
    391
    2.2       The interlinkage between voluntary and compulsory procedures for dispute settlement
    393
    2.3       Voluntary conciliation
    397
    3         Compulsory procedures for dispute settlement
    398
    3.1       Multiplicity of forums
    398
    3.2       Limitations to the compulsory procedures
    400
    3.3       Optional exceptions to the compulsory procedures
    402
    4         The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (1): Organisation
    404
    4.1       Members of ITLOS
    404
    4.2       The Seabed Disputes Chamber
    407
    4.3       Special chambers
    408
    5         The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (2): Procedure
    409
    5.1       Jurisdiction of ITLOS
    409
    5.2       Applicable law
    410
    5.3       Proceedings before ITLOS
    410
    5.4       Incidental proceedings
    410
    5.5       Judgment
    414
    5.6       Advisory proceedings
    415
    5.7       Prompt release procedure
    417
    6         Conclusions
    420
    Index
    424
  • Yoshifumi Tanaka
    University of Copenhagen

  • Advance praise: 'This book provides comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of a central topic in international law. It goes beyond the traditional subjects covered in the law of the sea to include contemporary and important maritime issues, such as the conservation of marine biological diversity and the maintenance of international peace and security at sea. Presented in a simple, yet precise, manner, it will equip the reader with an understanding of all of the key issues in the law of the sea, as well as an appreciation of the challenges which still lie ahead for the subject.' James Harrison, University of Edinburgh

    'Professor Tanaka has written an excellent exposition of the law of the sea which offers both comprehensive coverage of key Conventions and agreements and analysis of pertinent judicial opinions and State practice. I very warmly encourage all students of this area of the law, to rely on this book in their further study of the topic.' Duncan French, University of Sheffield

     

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