Environmental / Energy Law

The Law of Energy for Sustainable Development

Edited by Adrian J. Bradbrook · Rosemary Lyster · Wang Xi
Cambridge University Press October 2012

Specifications

ISBN-13
9781107407718
Publisher
Cambridge University Press
Publication
October 2012
Format
Paperback , 632 pages
Jurisdiction
International ? Countri(es) for reference only

Details

The research focus for the IUCN Academy of Environmental Law in 2003 was a timely and challenging one, entitled 'The Law of Energy for Sustainable Development'. As contemporary world politics demonstrates, energy resources and generation are crucial issues facing the international community. As research on energy law, at the international, regional, and national level is in its infancy, the insights provided by the contributors to this 2005 volume are a significant addition to the field.

• Significant research in environment and energy by one of the leading scholarly initiatives in the field • Comprehensive coverage of all aspects of sustainable energy law, including papers on the commercialization of renewable energy technologies •Written by a range of international experts

Table of Contents

List of Abbreviations page xi
Preface xiii
1   Introduction 01
    1.1  Historical background 01
    1.2  Definitions 02
            1.2.1  Responses of motile microorganisms to environmental stimuli 04
            1.2.2  Behavioral responses of sessile plants to environmental stimuli 08
            1.2.3  “Microgravity” and hypergravity 10
    1.3  Ecological significance 10
2   Methods in Gravitational Biology 12
    2.1  Horizontal microscopes and clinostats 14
    2.2  Free-fall machine 18
    2.3  Drop facilities: towers, shafts, and balloons 19
    2.4  Parabolic flights 19
            2.4.1  Aircraft 19
            2.4.2  Sounding rockets 20
    2.5  Centrifuges 23
    2.6  Shuttles, satellites, and space stations 25
    2.7  Direct manipulation of gravisensors 26
3   Image Analysis 28
    3.1  Introduction 29
    3.2  Hardware 29
    3.3  Software 33
            3.3.1  Identification of objects 34
            3.3.2  Cell counting and area determination 36
            3.3.3  Organism tracking 37
            3.3.4  3D tracking 42
    3.4  Fluorescence imaging 43
4   Ciliates 51
    4.1  Paramecium 51
            4.1.1  Morphological aspects 51
            4.1.2  Paramecium – a swimming sensory cell 53
            4.1.3  Ion channels 53
            4.1.4  Regulation of the ciliary beat pattern 54
            4.1.5  Paramecium mutants 57
            4.1.6  Graviresponses of Paramecium 58
    4.2  Loxodes 67
            4.2.1  Müller organelles of Loxodes – cellular gravisensors 69
            4.2.2  Graviresponses of Loxodes 70
            4.2.3  Graviperception in Loxodes -- conclusion 72
    4.3  Other ciliates 72
5   Flagellates 75
    5.1  Introduction 76
    5.2  Euglena 78
            5.2.1  Gravitaxis in Euglena – the phenomenon 80
            5.2.2  Passive orientation vs. active sensing 83
            5.2.3  Sensor for gravity perception 87
            5.2.4  Sensory transduction chain of gravitaxis 96
    5.3  Gravitaxis in Chlamydomonas 97
    5.4  Other flagellates 100
    5.5  Circadian rhythm of gravitaxis 104
6   Other Organisms 106
    6.1  Amoeba 106
    6.2  Slime molds 106
            6.2.1  Dictyostelium 106
            6.2.2  Physarum 107
    6.3  Reproductive unicellular stages 110
            6.3.1  Fungal zoospores 110
            6.3.2  Sperm cells 111
    6.4  Bacteria 111
7   Responses to Other Stimuli 113
    7.1  Introduction 113
    7.2  Photoorientation 114
            7.2.1  Photokinesis 115
            7.2.2  Photophobic responses 115
            7.2.3  Phototaxis 118
            7.2.4  Other light-induced responses 129
    7.3  Orientation in chemical gradients 130
    7.4  Orientation in thermal gradients 134
    7.5  Guidance by the Earth’s magnetic field 136
    7.6  Galvanotaxis 138
    7.7  Interaction between different stimuli and responses 139
8   Energetics 141
    8.1  Gravity is a small power that applies a force to a mass 142
    8.2  Displacement of masses or work has to be done 150
    8.3  The potential role of membranes in graviperception 151
            8.3.1  Membrane compressibility 152
            8.3.2  Membrane expansion 152
            8.3.3  Membrane thickness elasticity 154
            8.3.4  Membrane shearing 155
            8.3.5  Membrane bending and curvature 156
    8.4  The hearing process as a model for graviperception in single cells 158
9   Models for Graviperception 165
    9.1  Gravity-buoyancy model 167
    9.2  Drag-gravity model 173
    9.3  Propulsion-gravity model 174
    9.4  Physiological models – statocyst model 175
            9.4.1  Gravitaxis 175
            9.4.2  Gravikinesis 182
10   Evolutionary Aspects of Gravisensing: From Bacteria to Men 184
    10.1  Development of gravisensing during evolution 184
    10.2  Primary receptor for gravity 186
    10.3  Graviorientation in microorganisms 188
    10.4  Gravitropism in lower and higher plants 189
            10.4.1  Gravitropism in fungi 189
            10.4.2  Gravitropism in Chara rhizoids 191
            10.4.3  Gravitropism in higher plants 193
11   Perspectives 197
References 205
Index 251

About the Author

Adrian J. Bradbrook
University of Adelaide

Rosemary Lyster
University of Sydney

Richard L. Ottinger
Pace University, New York

Wang Xi
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China

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