Tool List vii
Preface for the Third Edition xiii
Introduction xv
Purpose xv
Audiences xvi
Special Elements xvii
Organization of the Book xix
Chapter 1 What Is This Instructional Design Stuff Anyway? 1
Why Instructional Design? 2
What Is Instructional Design? 3
A Few Definitions 5
Advantages of Instructional Design 9
Disadvantages of Instructional Design 13
Chapter 2 Before You Do Anything: Pre-Instructional Design Activities 17
Organizational Needs 18
Performance Assessment 23
Assessing Training Needs 33
Choosing Needs to Address 39
The Needs Assessment Report 42
Quick and Dirty Cost Benefit Analysis 47
Training Needs Analysis 54
Chapter 3 Do You Know What You Need to Do? Analysis 63
Data-Collection Methods 64
Why Analyze? 73
Types of Analysis 73
Computer-Aided Analysis 102
Chapter 4 How to Do It: Design 107
Make the Right Decision Now 107
Delivery Decision 108
Objectives 128
Design Documents 143
Course Descriptions 161
Gathering Content 162
Adding Structure: The Instructional Plan 168
Trainee Evaluation (Test Questions and Tests) 178
Hints for Designing in Various Formats 196
Chapter 5 Doing It Right: Development 203
End Products of Development 203
The Facilitator Guide as an End Product 205
Scripts and Storyboards 231
Participant Packages and Other Print Materials 235
Other Media 239
Hints for Developing Material 247
Chapter 6 Getting It Where It Does the Most Good: Implementation 263
Beta Tests and Pilots 263
Reviews Revisited 279
Common Implementation Issues 282
Other Instructor-Led Classroom Implementation Needs 287
Hints for Implementation 299
Field Trips 306
Chapter 7 Did It Do Any Good? Evaluation 311
Why Evaluation? 311
The Key to Good Evaluation 312
Types of Evaluation 315
Evaluation of Self-Instruction Programs 334
Revisions: What to Do with What You’ve Learned 338
Hints for Evaluating 344
Chapter 8 Doing It Faster: More Rapid Design Shortcuts 353
Software for Instructional Design 354
Analysis Software 355
Test Development Software 355
Miscellaneous Software 356
Rapid Prototyping 356
Learning Objects Granular Training 357
Public Courses 358
Off-The-Shelf Programs 358
Technology Vendors 358
Performance Support–Based “Training” 359
Problem-Based Learning (PBL) 361
Training Management SystemsLearning Management Systems (LMS)Learning Content Management Systems (LCMS) 361
Digital Cameras 362
What Does an ID Do? 362
Miscellaneous 364
Chapter 9 Asynchronous e-Learning Design 367
Definitions 367
Creating and Implementing an e-Learning System 369
Determining a Comprehensive e-Learning Strategy 371
Designing and Developing Good Programs 373
Learning Management Systems and Learning Content Management Systems 374
Preparing the Organization Globally for e-Learning 378
Self-Direction and e-Learning 380
Planning for a Smooth, Successful Implementation 384
Creating an Effective Monitoring and Evaluation Plan 385
Asynchronous e-Learning Design and Development 387
Analysis 387
Material Development 390
Learner Evaluation 397
Learner Interfaces 398
Beta Tests and Pilots 399
Software 400
Repurposing 401
Evaluating Asynchronous e-Learning Programs 403
Summary 403
Chapter 10 Synchronous e-Learning Design 409
Advantages 409
Disadvantages and Misconceptions 410
Design Considerations for Synchronous e-Learning 413
Mini-Interactions 414
Repurposing and Redesigning Synchronous e-Learning Programs 415
Other Synchronous Activities 416
More Detailed Facilitator Guides 419
Learner Guide 422
General Technology Considerations 423
Media 425
Designing Continuing Interactions 430
Audience Analysis 432
Implementation 434
Online Learning: A Special Type of e-Learning 446
What the Learners Say 451
Chapter 11 New Design Applications 453
Flipped Classrooms 453
Mobile Learning 457
Virtual Learning Environments 461
Social Network–Based Learning 463
Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) 466
Communities of Practice 468
Informal Learning 469
The Cloud 471
Glossary 475
Suggested Readings 499
Other Resources 511
About the Author 517
Index 519
