List of contributors
|
xvii |
Preface
|
xxvii |
Table of cases
|
xxx |
Table of statutes
|
xliv |
General report
|
1 |
I The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of tax treaties
|
4 |
II The personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
8 |
III Business profits and income from other independent activities
|
12 |
IV Passive income
|
17 |
V Income from employment and other dependent activities
|
23 |
VI Methods for relieving double taxation
|
28 |
VII The non-discrimination principle
|
30 |
VIII The mutual agreement procedure and international mutual assistance in tax matters
|
32 |
1 Argentina
|
37 |
1.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Argentine tax treaties
|
37 |
1.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
43 |
1.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
45 |
1.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
51 |
1.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
57 |
1.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
60 |
1.7 Non-discrimination
|
62 |
1.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
63 |
1.9 Conclusions
|
66 |
2 Australia
|
68 |
2.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Australian tax treaties
|
68 |
2.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
70 |
2.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
73 |
2.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
81 |
2.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
95 |
2.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
99 |
2.7 Non-discrimination
|
101 |
2.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
104 |
2.9 Conclusion
|
108 |
3 Austria
|
110 |
3.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Austrian tax treaties
|
110 |
3.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
112 |
3.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
115 |
3.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
122 |
3.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
127 |
3.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
132 |
3.7 Non-discrimination
|
135 |
3.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
138 |
4 Belgium
|
142 |
4.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Belgian tax treaties
|
142 |
4.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
146 |
4.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
150 |
4.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
154 |
4.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
158 |
4.6 Methods to avoid double taxation: Article 23
|
161 |
4.7 Non-discrimination: Article 24
|
166 |
4.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
167 |
5 Brazil
|
171 |
5.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries on the interpretation of Brazilian tax treaties
|
171 |
5.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
173 |
5.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
177 |
5.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
181 |
5.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
192 |
5.6 Methods to avoid double taxation: Article 23
|
197 |
5.7 Non-discrimination: Article 24
|
199 |
5.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
200 |
6 Canada
|
203 |
6.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Canadian tax treaties
|
203 |
6.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
209 |
6.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
213 |
6.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
216 |
6.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
220 |
6.6 Methods to avoid double taxation: Article 23
|
224 |
6.7 Non-discrimination: Article 24
|
226 |
6.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
227 |
6.9 Conclusions
|
231 |
7 Chile
|
232 |
7.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Chilean tax treaties
|
232 |
7.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
235 |
7.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
238 |
7.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
245 |
7.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
250 |
7.6 Methods to avoid double taxation: Article 23
|
253 |
7.7 Non-discrimination: Article 24
|
254 |
7.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
257 |
8 China
|
261 |
8.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Chinese tax treaties
|
261 |
8.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties: Articles 1, 2 and 4
|
263 |
8.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
270 |
8.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains: Articles 10, 11, 12 and 13
|
276 |
8.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
282 |
8.6 Methods to avoid double taxation: Article 23
|
285 |
8.7 Non-discrimination: Article 24
|
288 |
8.8 Mutual agreement and exchange of information
|
290 |
9 Colombia
|
294 |
9.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Colombian tax treaties
|
294 |
9.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
296 |
9.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
298 |
9.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
301 |
9.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
304 |
9.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
305 |
9.7 Non-discrimination
|
306 |
9.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
308 |
10 Croatia
|
311 |
10.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Croatian tax treaties
|
311 |
10.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
313 |
10.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
316 |
10.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
320 |
10.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
321 |
10.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
323 |
10.7 Non-discrimination
|
323 |
10.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
324 |
11 The Czech Republic
|
325 |
11.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Czech tax treaties
|
325 |
11.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
327 |
11.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
331 |
11.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
341 |
11.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
345 |
11.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
348 |
11.7 Non-discrimination
|
349 |
11.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
353 |
12 Estonia
|
356 |
12.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Estonian tax treaties
|
356 |
12.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
358 |
12.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
364 |
12.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
369 |
12.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
372 |
12.6 Methods to avoid double taxation: Article 23
|
378 |
12.7 Non-discrimination: Article 24
|
379 |
12.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
383 |
13 Finland
|
387 |
13.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Finnish tax treaties
|
387 |
13.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
390 |
13.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
394 |
13.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
397 |
13.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
404 |
13.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
409 |
13.7 Non-discrimination
|
414 |
13.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
416 |
14 France
|
421 |
14.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of French tax treaties
|
421 |
14.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties: Articles 1, 2 and 4
|
430 |
14.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
441 |
14.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
445 |
14.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
453 |
14.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
454 |
14.7 Non-discrimination
|
459 |
14.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
463 |
15 Germany
|
466 |
15.1 The importance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of German tax treaties
|
466 |
15.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
471 |
15.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
476 |
15.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
483 |
15.5. Employment and other dependent activities
|
489 |
15.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
492 |
15.7 Non-discrimination
|
495 |
15.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
496 |
16 Hong Kong
|
501 |
16.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Hong Kong tax treaties
|
501 |
16.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
502 |
16.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
508 |
16.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
514 |
16.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
519 |
16.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
524 |
16.7 Non-discrimination
|
527 |
16.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
529 |
16.9 Concluding remarks
|
530 |
17 Hungary
|
532 |
17.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Hungarian tax treaties
|
532 |
17.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
534 |
17.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
539 |
17.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
544 |
17.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
545 |
17.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
546 |
17.7 Non-discrimination
|
546 |
17.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
547 |
18 India
|
549 |
18.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Indian tax treaties
|
549 |
18.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
556 |
18.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
563 |
18.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
580 |
18.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
586 |
18.6 Methods to avoid double taxation: Article 23
|
591 |
18.7 Non-discrimination: Article 24
|
592 |
18.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and collection of taxes
|
595 |
19 Italy
|
598 |
19.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Italian tax treaties
|
598 |
19.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
602 |
19.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
608 |
19.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
615 |
19.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
624 |
19.6 Methods to avoid double taxation: Article 23
|
625 |
19.7 Non-discrimination: Article 24
|
628 |
19.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
630 |
20 Lebanon
|
633 |
20.1 The relevance of the OECD and the UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Lebanese tax treaties
|
633 |
20.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
636 |
20.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
638 |
20.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
641 |
20.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
643 |
20.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
645 |
20.7 Non-discrimination
|
646 |
20.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
646 |
21 Liechtenstein
|
649 |
21.1 The relevance of the OECD and the UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Liechtenstein tax treaties
|
649 |
21.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
650 |
21.3 Business profits and other independent activities: Articles 5, 7, 8, 9, 16 and 17
|
654 |
21.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains: Articles 10–13
|
656 |
21.5 Employment and other dependent activities: Articles 15, 18, 19 and 20
|
658 |
21.6 Methods to avoid double taxation: Article 23
|
660 |
21.7 Non-discrimination: Article 24
|
661 |
21.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
663 |
22 The Netherlands
|
666 |
22.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Dutch tax treaties
|
666 |
22.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
670 |
22.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
679 |
22.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
700 |
22.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
707 |
22.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
723 |
22.7 Non–discrimination
|
726 |
22.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
728 |
23 New Zealand
|
735 |
23.1 The relevance of the OECD Model Conventions and Commentaries for the interpretation of New Zealand tax treaties
|
735 |
23.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
738 |
23.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
740 |
23.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
745 |
23.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
754 |
23.6 Methods to avoid double taxation: Article 23
|
757 |
23.7 Non-discrimination: Article 24
|
760 |
23.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
763 |
23.9 Conclusion
|
767 |
24 Norway
|
768 |
24.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Norwegian tax treaties
|
768 |
24.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
775 |
24.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
782 |
24.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
784 |
24.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
788 |
24.6 Methods to avoid double taxation: Article 23
|
789 |
24.7 Non-discrimination: Article 24
|
791 |
24.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
792 |
25 Peru
|
796 |
25.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Peruvian tax treaties
|
796 |
25.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
799 |
25.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
801 |
25.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
807 |
25.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
810 |
25.6 Methods to avoid double taxation: Article 23
|
813 |
25.7 Non-discrimination
|
814 |
25.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
816 |
26 Poland
|
820 |
26.1 The relevance of the OECD and the UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Polish tax treaties
|
820 |
26.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
822 |
26.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
827 |
26.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
836 |
26.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
841 |
26.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
845 |
26.7 Non-discrimination
|
848 |
26.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
850 |
27 Portugal
|
855 |
27.1 The relevance of the OECD and the UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Portuguese tax treaties
|
855 |
27.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
858 |
27.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
863 |
27.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
872 |
27.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
876 |
27.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
880 |
27.7 Non-discrimination
|
882 |
27.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
884 |
27.9 Concluding remarks
|
887 |
28 Romania
|
888 |
28.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Romanian tax treaties
|
888 |
28.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
892 |
28.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
895 |
28.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
903 |
28.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
909 |
28.6 Methods to avoid double taxation: Article 23
|
911 |
28.7 Non-discrimination: Article 24
|
912 |
28.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
913 |
29 The Russian Federation
|
915 |
29.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Russian tax treaties
|
915 |
29.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
920 |
29.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
925 |
29.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
931 |
29.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
933 |
29.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
935 |
29.7 Non-discrimination
|
937 |
29.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
940 |
29.9 Conclusion
|
943 |
30 Serbia
|
944 |
30.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Serbian tax treaties
|
944 |
30.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
951 |
30.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
955 |
30.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
962 |
30.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
966 |
30.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
969 |
30.7 Non-discrimination
|
970 |
30.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
971 |
31 Slovakia
|
973 |
31.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Slovak tax treaties
|
973 |
31.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
975 |
31.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
978 |
31.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
983 |
31.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
989 |
31.6 Methods to avoid double taxation: Article 23
|
992 |
31.7 Non-discrimination: Article 24
|
993 |
31.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
994 |
32 Slovenia
|
998 |
32.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Slovenian tax treaties
|
998 |
32.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
1001 |
32.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
1003 |
32.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
1007 |
32.5. Employment and other dependent activities
|
1015 |
32.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
1018 |
32.7 Non-discrimination
|
1019 |
32.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
1022 |
33 Spain
|
1026 |
33.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Spanish tax treaties
|
1026 |
33.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
1031 |
33.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
1034 |
33.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
1039 |
33.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
1043 |
33.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
1047 |
33.7 Non-discrimination
|
1050 |
33.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
1053 |
34 Sweden
|
1056 |
34.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Swedish tax treaties
|
1056 |
34.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
1060 |
34.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
1064 |
34.4 Dividends, interest and royalties and capital gains
|
1067 |
34.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
1072 |
34.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
1075 |
34.7 Non-discrimination
|
1078 |
34.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
1079 |
35 Uganda
|
1083 |
35.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of Ugandan tax treaties
|
1083 |
35.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
1084 |
35.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
1088 |
35.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
1092 |
35.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
1094 |
35.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
1096 |
35.7 Non-discrimination
|
1097 |
35.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
1098 |
35.9 Conclusion
|
1099 |
36 The UK
|
1101 |
36.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of UK tax treaties
|
1101 |
36.2 Title and personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
1114 |
36.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
1121 |
36.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
1129 |
36.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
1134 |
36.6 Methods to avoid double taxation: Article 23
|
1137 |
36.7 Non-discrimination
|
1138 |
36.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
1144 |
37 The USA
|
1149 |
37.1 The relevance of the OECD and UN Model Conventions and their Commentaries for the interpretation of US tax treaties
|
1149 |
37.2 Personal and material scope of the tax treaties
|
1153 |
37.3 Business profits and other independent activities
|
1158 |
37.4 Dividends, interest, royalties and capital gains
|
1166 |
37.5 Employment and other dependent activities
|
1170 |
37.6 Methods to avoid double taxation
|
1171 |
37.7 Non-discrimination
|
1174 |
37.8 Mutual agreement, exchange of information and mutual assistance in the collection of taxes
|
1175 |
37.9 Conclusions
|
1178 |
Index
|
1180 |