International Consumer Protection, 2nd Edition

Argentina

Introduction
Consumer Products/Service Standards
Testing
Advertising Claims
Standard Terms (Adhesive Contracts)
Reasonable Pricing Price Controls
Installment Payments and Consumer Credit
Trade Descriptions and Occupational Licensing
Merchandise Classes for Bulk Products
Implementing Consumer Rights

Australia
Introduction
Consumer Protection in Australia
Consumer Product and Service Standards
Advertising Claims
Standard Terms (Adhesive Contracts)
Reasonable Pricing and Price Controls
Consumer Credit
Occupational Licensing
Merchandise Classes for Bulk Products
Implementing Consumer Rights

Austria
Introduction
Consumer Products and Service Standards
Testing 
Advertising 
Standard Terms (Adhesive Contracts)
Reasonable Pricing and Price Controls
Installment Payments and Consumer Credit
Trade Descriptions — Occupational Licensing
Implementing Consumer Rights

Belgium
Introduction
Consumer Product and Service Standards
Testing
Advertising Claims
Standard Terms (Adhesion Contracts)
Reasonable Pricing and Price Controls
Consumer Credit

Bulgaria
Introduction
Consumer Product and Service Standards
Testing
Advertising Claims
Standard Terms (Adhesive Contracts)
Reasonable Pricing Controls
Competition Law
Consumer Credit
Trade Descriptions and Occupational Licensing
Implementing Consumer Rights

Canada
Introduction
Consumer Product and Service Standards
Testing
Advertising Claims
Standard Terms (Adhesive Contracts)
Price Controls
Installment Payments and Consumer Credit
Trade Descriptions and Occupational Licensing
Merchandise Classes as Applied to Bulk Products
Implementing Consumer Rights

Chile
Introduction
Consumer Product and Service Standards
Advertising Claims
Adhesive Contracts
Reasonable Pricing and Price Controls
Consumer Credit
Trade Descriptions and Occupational Licensing
Implementing Consumer Rights

People's Republic of China
Introduction
Consumer Product and Service Standards
Testing, Inspection, and Certification
Advertising Claims
Standard Contracts (Adhesive Contracts) 
Pricing Policy and Controls
Implementing Consumers' Rights

Cyprus
Introduction
Consumer Products and Service Standards
Standard Terms (Adhesive Contracts)
Competition Law
Installment Payments and Consumer Credit
Trade Descriptions and Occupational Licensing
Merchandise Classes as Applied to Bulk Products
Implementing Consumer Rights
Conclusion

Czech Republic
Introduction
Consumer Product and Service Standards: General Regime
Testing
Advertising Claims
Standard Terms (Adhesive Contracts)
Reasonable Pricing and Price Controls
Installment Payments and Consumer Credit
Trade Descriptions and Occupational Licensing
Consumer Protection through the Valuta Act
Merchandise Classes as Applied to Bulk Products
Debt Relief for Consumers
Implementing Consumer Rights and Penalties for Offenses

Denmark
Introduction 
Market Regulatory Systems
Consumer Products and Service Standards
Testing
Advertising and Marketing
Protection of Personal Data
Terms and Standard Terms (Adhesion Contracts)
Installment Payments and Consumer Credit
Implementing Consumer Rights

European Union
Introduction
Safety of Products and Services
Consumer Information: Labelling
Unfair Business Practices
Consumer Access to Justice

Finland
Introduction
Consumer Product and Service Standards
Testing
Advertising Claims
Standard Terms (Adhesive Contracts)
Reasonable Pricing and Price Controls
Installment Payments and Consumer Credit
Trade Descriptions and Occupational Licensing
Merchandise Classes as Applied to Bulk Products
Implementing Consumer Rights

Greece
Introduction
Consumer Products and Service Standards
Reasonable Pricing Price Controls
Installment Payments and Consumer Credit
Implementing Consumer Rights
Consulsion

Hungary
Introduction
Consumer Product and Service Standards
Special Regimes
Testing
Standard Terms
Price
Installment Payments and Consumer Credit

India
Introduction
Market Regulatory Systems
Consumer Protection Regime
Special Regimes
Testing
Sale of Goods
Reasonable Pricing Price Controls
Installment Payments and Consumer Credit
Disclosure
Trade Descriptions
Specific Professions
Implementing Consumer Rights
Technical and Material Support Groups

International Regulatory Regimes
Introduction
Role of International Organizations in the Application of International Consumer Law
European Union Consumer Policy — A Case Study
Conclusion

Ireland
Introduction
Consumer Product/ Service Standards
Prices Acts, 1958-1972
Competition Act, 2002
Installment Payments and Consumer Credit
Trade Descriptions
Implementing Consumer Rights

Italy
Introduction
Consumer Product and Service Standards
Standard Terms (Adhesive Contracts)
Pricing 
Consumer Credit
Occupational Licensing
Implementing Consumer Rights

Lithuania
Introduction
Implementing Consumer Rights

Malaysia
Introduction 
Consumer Products and Services Standards
Testing 
Advertising Claims
Standard Terms
Service
Reasonable Pricing and Price Controls
Installment Payments and Consumer Credit
Trade Descriptions
Occupational Licensing
Implementing Consumer Rights

Mexico
Introduction 
Consumer Products and Service Standards 
Information and Advertising Claims
Non-Negotiable Contracts (Adhesive Contracts)
Reasonable Pricing Controls
Installment Payments and Consumer Credit
Trade Descriptions and Occupational Licensing
Merchandise Classes
Implementing Consumer Rights

The Netherlands
Introduction
Consumer Product and Service Standards
Testing 
Advertising Claims
Standard Terms (Adhesive Contracts)
Reasonable Pricing Price Controls
Installment Payments and Consumer Credit
Trade Descriptions and Occupational Licensing
Merchandise Classes as Applied to Bulk Products
Implementing Consumer Rights

New Zealand
Introduction 
Consumer Product and Service Standards
Testing 
Advertising Claims
Standard Terms (Adhesive and Standard Form Contracts)
Reasonable Pricing Controls
Installment Payment and Consumer Credit
Trade Descriptions and Occupational Licensing
Merchandise Classes and Bulk Products 
Consumer Rights

Norway
Introduction
Consumer Product and Service Standards
Protection of Privacy
Censorship of Terms and Standard Terms (Adhesive Contracts)
Reasonable Pricing and Price Controls
Installment Payment and Consumer Credit
Implementing Consumer Rights

The Philippines
Introduction
Regulatory Regimes
Regulation of Markets and Market Relationships
Liability for Products and Services
Regulation of Advertising and Sales Promotion Activities
Regulation of the Telecommunications Industry
Regulation of Repair and Service Firms
Regulation of Consumer Credit Transactions
Deposit Related Laws and Regulations
Regulation of Credit Card Operations
Regulation of Electronic Banking Activities
Consumer Complaints and Remedies

Portugal
Introduction
Consumer Product and Service Standards
Testing
Advertising Claims
Standard Terms (Adhesion Contracts)
Pricing and Price Controls
Installment Payments and Consumer Credit
Trade Descriptions and Occupational Licensing
Merchandise Classes Applied to Bulk Products
Implementing Consumer Rights

Romania
Introduction 
Consumer Products and Services Standards
Testing
Standard Terms (Adhesive Contracts)
Reasonable Pricing and Price Controls
Installment Payments and Consumer Credit
Occupational Licensing
Implementing Consumer Rights

South Africa
Introduction
Consumer Product and Service Standards
Testing
Advertising Claims
Standard Terms in Contract Agreements
Reasonable Pricing Controls
Consumer Credit
Trade Descriptions and Merchandise Classes
Redress Mechanism and Enforcement

Spain
Introduction 
Consumer Product and Service Standards
Special Regimes
Testing
Advertising
Standard Terms (Adhesive Contracts)
Price Controls
Installment Payments and Consumer Credit
Licensing of Commercial Establishments
Implementing Consumer Rights

Sweden
Introduction 
Consumer Products and Service Standards
Testing 
Advertising Claims
Standard Terms (Adhesive Contracts)
Reasonable Pricing and Price Controls
Installment Payments and Consumer Credit
Trade Descriptions
Implementing Consumer Rights

Switzerland
Introduction
Legislation on Consumer Products and Services 
Tests
Advertising
General Conditions and Adhesive Contracts
Price Surveillance
Consumer Credit and Other Installment Sales
Activities Requiring Authorization
Consumer Actions

United Kingdom
Introduction 
Consumer Product and Service Standards
Special Regimes
Standard Terms
Price Controls
Consumer Credit
Conclusion

United States
Introduction
Primary Interest Groups
Administrative Bodies and Public Law Structure
Consumer Product and Service Standards
Testing
Advertising Claims
Standard Terms (Adhesive Contracts)
Reasonable Price Controls
Installment Payments and Consumer Credit
Trade Descriptions and Occupational Licensing
Merchandise Classes as Applied to Bulk Products
Implementing Consumer Rights

About the Editor:

Professor Dennis Campbell is the Director of the Center for International Legal Studies (CILS) in Salzburg, Austria, and teaches as an adjunct Professor at Suffolk University Law School. He is the former Director of International Programs and Professor of Law at University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law. He has lectured at Stockholm University, Helsinki University, Salzburg University, National University of Taiwan, Warsaw University, and Jagiellonian University. He is a member of the New York State Bar and the Iowa State Bar and is a former Assistant Secretary of the California State Senate.

The Center for International Legal Studies promotes the dissemination of information among members of the international legal community, through research and publication projects, post-graduate and professional training programs, and academic seminars, professional symposia and continuing legal education conferences. Nearly 5,000 lawyers worldwide have been designated as Fellows of the CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STUDIES in recognition of their contributions to its programs. The Center provides observers on a regular basis at meetings of UNCITRAL and its Working Groups in Vienna and New York.
 

Contributing Authors:

Argentina, Luis A. Arana Tagle and Matías Reichman, Negri & Teijeiro Abogados

Australia, Graeme Johnson, Freehills

Austria, Elisabeth Stern, Grohs Hofer Rechtsanwälte GmbH

Belgium, Daniel van der Mosen, Philippe & Partners

Bulgaria, Martina Gyosheva, Diana Pashova, Stela Matselova and Violeta Kirova, Borislav Boyanov & Co.

Canada, Dale B. Pope and Julia Staszewski, Davis & Company LLP

Chile, Martín Gubbins and Carla López, CorreaGubbins

China, Wei Shen, Professor of Law, KoGuan Law School, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Cyprus, Chrysthia Papacleovoulou, Nicos Papacleouvoulou Law Chambers

Czech Republic, Stephan Heidenhain and David Falada, bnt — pravda & partner, v.o.s.

Denmark, Claus Abildstrom, Danders and More & David Frolich, Lund Elme Sandage Advokatpartnerselskab

Finland, Taina Tuohino, Heikki Haapaniemi Ky

Greece, Andromachi Delicostopoulou, A & A Delicostopoulou

Hungary, Réka B. Kovács, Péter Nógrádi, and Zsuzsanna Tanoss, Nógrádi Law Office

India, Gurjeet Singh, Associate Professor of Law, Department of Law, Guru Nanak Dev University

International Regulatory Regimes, Debra Hueting (née Holland), Lovells

Ireland, John H. Dockrell and Tony Williams, Dockrell Farrell

Italy, Tiziana Tampieri, Studio Tampieri e Associati

Lithuania, Dalia Foigt and Radvile Ciricaite, Foigt & Partners/Regija Borenius

Malaysia, Raina Md Radzaif, Don Soh She Ji, and Nadhirah Sabri, Azmi & Associates

Mexico, Juan Francisco Torres Landa R. and Ramón Bravo Herrera, Barrera, Siqueiros y Torres Landa, S.C.

The Netherlands, Peter Klik, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Faculty of Law

New Zealand, Katrina Crooks and Ben Cain, James & Wells

Norway, Mona Søyland, Jørgen Stang Heffermehl and Jørgen Bull, Simonsen Advokatfirma DA

The Philippines, Leland R. Villadolid, Jr, Zorayda Ruth B. Andam, and Ricardo Victor K. Ramos, Angara Abello Concepcion Regala & Cruz Law Offices

Portugal, Frederico Pereira Coutinho and Nuno Madeira Rodrigues, Cuatrecasas, Gonçalves Pereira

Romania, D&B David si Baias SCPA

South Africa, Janusz Luterek, Hahn & Hahn Inc.

Spain, Alejandro Payá Pujadó, Carlos Ara Triadú, and David Casanueva de la Cruz, Cuatrecasas, Gonçalves Pereira

Sweden, Martin Börresen and Elisabet Lundgren, Linklaters Advokatbyrå

Switzerland, Constance de Lavallaz, DGOJ

United Kingdom, Lynn West, Norton Rose

United States, Donald Flayton and John Letchinger, Wildman, Harrold, Allen & Dixon